{"id":35415,"date":"2026-11-12T15:31:11","date_gmt":"2026-11-12T14:31:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/viktor-kortchnoi\/"},"modified":"2026-11-13T08:35:20","modified_gmt":"2026-11-13T07:35:20","slug":"viktor-kortchnoi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/viktor-kortchnoi\/","title":{"rendered":"Viktor Kortchno\u00ef"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"opa-ref\" style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 0.85em; line-height: 1.5;\"><em><strong>Image d&rsquo;en-t\u00eate :<\/strong> Viktor Kortchno\u00ef en 1976 (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Viktor_Korchnoi_1976.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC0)<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"opa-soutien\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0 0 1.6em;\">\n<form style=\"display: inline-block; margin: 0 0 .4em;\" action=\"https:\/\/www.paypal.com\/donate\" method=\"post\" target=\"_top\"><input name=\"hosted_button_id\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"QSSRVLDUKP2MG\"><input style=\"border: 0;\" title=\"Faire un don avec PayPal\" alt=\"Faire un don avec PayPal\" name=\"submit\" src=\"https:\/\/www.paypalobjects.com\/fr_FR\/FR\/i\/btn\/btn_donateCC_LG.gif\" type=\"image\"><\/form>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 0.9em;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/soutenir\/\">Soutenir mon travail<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/abonnements\/\">Tout lire sans limite<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/Livres-Orazio-Puglisi\/s?rh=n%3A301061%2Cp_27%3AOrazio+Puglisi\">Mes livres<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<style>.opa-art{font-size:1.04em;line-height:1.75}.opa-art h2{margin-top:1.6em}.opa-art h3{margin-top:1.8em;color:#7a1f2b}.opa-fig{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);width:min(1000px,94vw);margin:2.2em 0}.opa-fig img{width:100%!important;height:auto!important;max-width:none!important;display:block;box-shadow:0 10px 34px rgba(0,0,0,.25);border-radius:3px}.opa-fig figcaption{max-width:720px;margin:.8em auto 0;font-size:.82em;line-height:1.5;text-align:center;opacity:.8}.opa-lettrine:first-letter{float:left;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:3.4em;line-height:.9;padding:.05em .12em 0 0;color:#7a1f2b}.opa-biblio{font-size:.92em}<\/style>\n<style>.opa-gal{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(240px,1fr));gap:16px;margin:1.6em 0;position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);width:min(1100px,94vw);background:#fbf8f3;padding:18px;border-radius:8px;box-sizing:border-box;color:#222}.opa-gal figure{margin:0}.opa-gal img{width:100%!important;height:220px!important;object-fit:cover;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.opa-gal figcaption{font-size:.78em;line-height:1.4;margin-top:.4em;opacity:.9}.opa-vidbox{position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;margin:1.2em 0;border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.opa-vidbox iframe,.opa-vidbox video{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0}.opa-dl li{margin:.4em 0}.opa-dl a{font-weight:600}<\/style>\n<div class=\"opa-art\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Viktor Kortchno\u00ef (1931-2016), \u00ab Viktor le Terrible \u00bb<\/h2>\n<p class=\"opa-lettrine\">Survivant du si\u00e8ge de L\u00e9ningrad, combattant acharn\u00e9, Viktor Kortchno\u00ef est pass\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;Ouest en 1976 et a affront\u00e9 deux fois <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/anatoli-karpov\/\">Anatoli Karpov<\/a> pour le titre mondial, dans des matchs \u00e0 la tension politique extr\u00eame. Il a jou\u00e9 au plus haut niveau jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 plus de 80 ans.<\/p>\n<h3>Les matchs contre Karpov<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c0 Baguio (Philippines) en 1978, Kortchno\u00ef, apatride r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 en Suisse, revient de 2-5 \u00e0 5-5 avant de perdre la derni\u00e8re partie ; le match est \u00e9maill\u00e9 d&rsquo;incidents (parapsychologue, yaourts, lunettes r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissantes). En 1981, \u00e0 Merano, il est nettement battu.<\/p>\n<h3>Une long\u00e9vit\u00e9 unique<\/h3>\n<p>Quatre fois champion d&rsquo;URSS, naturalis\u00e9 suisse, Kortchno\u00ef joue encore les <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olympiade_d'%C3%A9checs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Olympiades<\/a> \u00e0 plus de 80 ans et devient champion du monde senior. Il meurt \u00e0 Wohlen, en Suisse, en 2016.<\/p>\n<div class=\"opa-deep\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align:center;margin-top:2em;\">Biographie compl\u00e8te<\/h2>\n<h3>Une enfance dans la guerre<\/h3>\n<p>Viktor Lvovitch Kortchno\u00ef na\u00eet \u00e0 Leningrad le 23 mars 1931. Son p\u00e8re est tu\u00e9 pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et l\u2019enfant survit au terrible si\u00e8ge de la ville (1941-1944), qui fait des centaines de milliers de victimes. Au palais des Pionniers de Leningrad, il est form\u00e9 par l\u2019entra\u00eeneur Vladimir Zak, qui forma aussi Boris Spassky.<\/p>\n<h3>L\u2019ascension sovi\u00e9tique<\/h3>\n<p>Champion d\u2019URSS junior en 1947, il devient <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_ma%C3%AEtre_international\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grand ma\u00eetre international<\/a> en 1956. Combatif, excellent d\u00e9fenseur, il remporte quatre fois le championnat d\u2019URSS, en 1960, 1962, 1964 et 1970, ce qui fait de lui l\u2019un des joueurs les plus titr\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00e9cole sovi\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n<h3>Les matchs des candidats<\/h3>\n<p>Kortchno\u00ef participe \u00e0 de nombreux cycles des candidats. En 1968, il atteint la finale, perdue contre Boris Spassky ; en 1971, il est battu en demi-finale par Tigran Petrossian. En 1974, il dispute la finale contre le jeune Anatoli Karpov, qui l\u2019emporte de justesse : ce match d\u00e9signe en pratique le futur champion du monde, puisque <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/bobby-fischer\/\">Fischer<\/a> renonce ensuite \u00e0 d\u00e9fendre son titre.<\/p>\n<h3>La d\u00e9fection (1976)<\/h3>\n<p>Ses critiques publiques envers Karpov et les autorit\u00e9s sovi\u00e9tiques lui valent des sanctions. En juillet 1976, apr\u00e8s un tournoi \u00e0 Amsterdam, il demande l\u2019asile politique aux Pays-Bas. Il devient aussit\u00f4t l\u2019\u00ab ennemi public \u00bb du sport sovi\u00e9tique : ses adversaires sovi\u00e9tiques boycottent certaines comp\u00e9titions, et sa femme et son fils ne sont autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 le rejoindre qu\u2019en 1982.<\/p>\n<h3>Les matchs pour le titre<\/h3>\n<p>Seul contre l\u2019appareil sovi\u00e9tique, Kortchno\u00ef remporte le cycle des candidats de 1977-1978 en battant Petrossian, Polouga\u00efevski et Spassky. En 1978, \u00e0 Baguio, aux Philippines, il affronte Karpov dans un match d\u2019une tension extr\u00eame, marqu\u00e9 par des incidents rest\u00e9s c\u00e9l\u00e8bres : un parapsychologue assis au premier rang, des lunettes \u00e0 verres r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissants, une controverse sur un yaourt servi \u00e0 Karpov. Men\u00e9 5 \u00e0 2, Kortchno\u00ef revient \u00e0 5 \u00e0 5, avant de perdre la derni\u00e8re partie d\u00e9cisive.<\/p>\n<p>Il remporte de nouveau le cycle des candidats en 1980, puis perd nettement le match de Merano, en 1981. En 1983, il est battu en demi-finale des candidats par <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/garry-kasparov\/\">Garry Kasparov<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Une long\u00e9vit\u00e9 sans \u00e9quivalent<\/h3>\n<p>Install\u00e9 en Suisse, dont il devient citoyen, Kortchno\u00ef joue au plus haut niveau pendant des d\u00e9cennies. Il remporte plusieurs fois le championnat de Suisse, devient champion du monde des seniors en 2006 et continue de battre des grands ma\u00eetres de l\u2019\u00e9lite \u00e0 plus de quatre-vingts ans : en 2011, \u00e0 Gibraltar, il bat le jeune <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/fabiano-caruana\/\">Fabiano Caruana<\/a>. Un accident vasculaire c\u00e9r\u00e9bral, en 2012, r\u00e9duit son activit\u00e9, mais il continue de jouer occasionnellement.<\/p>\n<h3>Le style \u00ab Viktor le Terrible \u00bb<\/h3>\n<p>Kortchno\u00ef \u00e9tait un d\u00e9fenseur exceptionnel, qui aimait accepter les sacrifices de son adversaire et prendre du mat\u00e9riel, quitte \u00e0 subir une attaque. Travailleur infatigable, d\u2019une \u00e9nergie et d\u2019une combativit\u00e9 l\u00e9gendaires, il \u00e9tait aussi r\u00e9put\u00e9 pour son caract\u00e8re entier, qui lui valut de nombreuses querelles.<\/p>\n<h3>Une curiosit\u00e9 : la partie contre Mar\u00f3czy<\/h3>\n<p>Entre 1985 et 1993, Kortchno\u00ef accepte de jouer une partie contre le grand ma\u00eetre hongrois <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/geza-maroczy\/\">G\u00e9za Mar\u00f3czy<\/a>, mort en 1951, dont les coups \u00e9taient transmis par un m\u00e9dium. L\u2019exp\u00e9rience, organis\u00e9e par un chercheur allemand, se termine par la victoire de Kortchno\u00ef.<\/p>\n<h3>Fin de vie et h\u00e9ritage<\/h3>\n<p>Kortchno\u00ef meurt \u00e0 Wohlen, en Suisse, le 6 juin 2016, \u00e0 quatre-vingt-cinq ans. Il reste le plus grand joueur \u00e0 n\u2019avoir jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 champion du monde dans l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre, avec <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/paul-keres\/\">Paul Keres<\/a>, et un exemple unique de long\u00e9vit\u00e9. Son autobiographie, <em>Chess is My Life<\/em>, et ses recueils de parties restent des lectures recommand\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"opa-enrich\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align:center;margin-top:2em;\">Biographie d\u00e9taill\u00e9e<\/h3>\n<h4>Un survivant du si\u00e8ge<\/h4>\n<p>Viktor Lvovitch Kortchno\u00ef na\u00eet \u00e0 Leningrad le 23 mars 1931. Adolescent, il survit au <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Si%C3%A8ge_de_L%C3%A9ningrad\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">si\u00e8ge de la ville<\/a>. Il devient l&rsquo;un des meilleurs joueurs sovi\u00e9tiques et remporte quatre fois le championnat d&rsquo;URSS (1960, 1962, 1964, 1970).<\/p>\n<h4>Le dissident<\/h4>\n<p>Battu en finale des <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tournoi_des_candidats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">candidats<\/a> de 1974 par Anatoli Karpov, il demande l&rsquo;asile politique aux Pays-Bas en 1976 et devient l&rsquo;ennemi public des autorit\u00e9s sovi\u00e9tiques. Il affronte Karpov pour le titre mondial \u00e0 Baguio (1978), o\u00f9 il perd 6 \u00e0 5 apr\u00e8s avoir remont\u00e9 un retard de trois points, puis \u00e0 Merano (1981).<\/p>\n<h4>Une long\u00e9vit\u00e9 inou\u00efe<\/h4>\n<p>Install\u00e9 en Suisse, \u00ab Viktor le Terrible \u00bb joue au plus haut niveau jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 plus de quatre-vingts ans, battant de nombreux jeunes grands ma\u00eetres. Il meurt \u00e0 Wohlen, en Suisse, le 6 juin 2016.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:.85em;opacity:.8;\"><em>Sources : Wikip\u00e9dia (article \u00ab Viktor Kortchno\u00ef \u00bb), Viktor Kortchno\u00ef, <em>Chess is My Life<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"opa-enrich2\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align:center;margin-top:2em;\">Palmar\u00e8s ann\u00e9e par ann\u00e9e<\/h3>\n<table class=\"opa-palm\" style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.95em;margin:1em 0 1.6em;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1960<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Champion d&rsquo;URSS (puis en 1962, 1964 et 1970).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1968<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Finaliste des candidats (battu par <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/boris-spassky\/\">Spassky<\/a>).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1974<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Finaliste des candidats (battu par Karpov).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1976<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Demande l&rsquo;asile aux Pays-Bas.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1977<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Bat <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/tigran-petrossian\/\">Petrossian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/lev-polougaievski\/\">Polouga\u00efevski<\/a> et Spassky aux candidats.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1978<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Match pour le titre \u00e0 Baguio, perdu 6 \u00e0 5.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1981<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Match pour le titre \u00e0 Merano, perdu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">2006<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Champion du monde des seniors.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>En images<\/h3>\n<div class=\"opa-gal\">\n<figure><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Viktor_Korchnoi_in_1982.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/37\/Viktor_Korchnoi_in_1982.jpg\/1920px-Viktor_Korchnoi_in_1982.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=imageinfo&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" alt=\"Kortchno\u00ef en 1982\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>Viktor Kortchno\u00ef en 1982. <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Viktor_Korchnoi_in_1982.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Rep\u00e8res<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"opa-chrono\">\n<li><strong>1931<\/strong> \u2014 Naissance \u00e0 L\u00e9ningrad.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1960<\/strong> \u2014 Premier titre de champion d&rsquo;URSS.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1976<\/strong> \u2014 Passe \u00e0 l&rsquo;Ouest.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1978<\/strong> \u2014 Match de Baguio contre Karpov.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1981<\/strong> \u2014 Match de Merano.<\/li>\n<li><strong>2016<\/strong> \u2014 Mort en Suisse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>En vid\u00e9o<\/h3>\n<style>.opa-vgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(min(100%,440px),1fr));gap:22px;margin:1.4em 0 2.4em;position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);width:min(1150px,94vw)}.opa-vgrid>br{display:none}.opa-vbx{margin:0}.opa-vbx-f{position:relative;display:block;padding-top:56.25%;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.28);background:#000}.opa-vbx-f iframe{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%!important;height:100%!important;border:0}.opa-vbx-f img{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%!important;height:100%!important;object-fit:cover;transition:transform .5s,opacity .3s;opacity:.92}.opa-vbx-f:hover img{transform:scale(1.04);opacity:1}.opa-play{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;width:78px;height:54px;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);background:rgba(204,0,0,.92);border-radius:14px;box-shadow:0 4px 16px rgba(0,0,0,.4)}.opa-play:after{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:31px;top:16px;border-style:solid;border-width:11px 0 11px 19px;border-color:transparent transparent transparent #fff}.opa-vbx figcaption{font-size:.82em;line-height:1.45;text-align:center;margin-top:.6em;opacity:.85}<\/style>\n<p><script>(function(){if(window.opaYT)return;window.opaYT=1;document.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){var a=e.target.closest&&e.target.closest(\".opa-vbx-f[data-yt]\");if(!a)return;e.preventDefault();var f=document.createElement(\"iframe\");f.src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/\"+a.getAttribute(\"data-yt\")+\"?autoplay=1&rel=0\";f.setAttribute(\"allow\",\"autoplay; encrypted-media; picture-in-picture; fullscreen\");f.setAttribute(\"allowfullscreen\",\"\");f.setAttribute(\"referrerpolicy\",\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\");a.innerHTML=\"\";a.appendChild(f);a.removeAttribute(\"data-yt\");a.removeAttribute(\"href\");});})();<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"opa-vgrid\">\n<figure class=\"opa-vbx\"><a class=\"opa-vbx-f\" data-yt=\"dYl1bXash4M\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dYl1bXash4M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/dYl1bXash4M\/maxresdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Viktor Kortchno\u00ef (\u00c9checs de l\u00e9gende, imineo)\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><span class=\"opa-play\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption>Viktor Kortchno\u00ef (\u00c9checs de l\u00e9gende, imineo)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Pour aller plus loin<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"opa-biblio\">\n<li>Viktor Kortchno\u00ef, <em>\u00c9checs : ma vie<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Survivant du si\u00e8ge de L\u00e9ningrad, combattant acharn\u00e9, Viktor Kortchno\u00ef est pass\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;Ouest en 1976 et a affront\u00e9 deux fois Anatoli Karpov pour le titre mondial, dans des matchs \u00e0 la tension politique extr\u00eame. Il a jou\u00e9 au plus haut niveau jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35416,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-35415","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Viktor Kortchno\u00ef - Orazio Puglisi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/viktor-kortchnoi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Viktor Kortchno\u00ef - Orazio Puglisi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Survivant du si\u00e8ge de L\u00e9ningrad, combattant acharn\u00e9, Viktor Kortchno\u00ef est pass\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#039;Ouest en 1976 et a affront\u00e9 deux fois Anatoli Karpov pour le titre mondial, dans des matchs \u00e0 la tension politique extr\u00eame. 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