{"id":35222,"date":"2026-11-12T15:17:48","date_gmt":"2026-11-12T14:17:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/mikhail-botvinnik\/"},"modified":"2026-11-13T16:55:56","modified_gmt":"2026-11-13T15:55:56","slug":"mikhail-botvinnik","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/mikhail-botvinnik\/","title":{"rendered":"Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"opa-ref\" style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 0.85em; line-height: 1.5;\"><em><strong>Image d&rsquo;en-t\u00eate :<\/strong> Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik en 1962 (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mikhail_Botvinnik_1962.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY-SA 3.0 nl)<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"opa-soutien\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0 0 1.6em;\">\n<form style=\"display: inline-block; margin: 0 0 .4em;\" action=\"https:\/\/www.paypal.com\/donate\" method=\"post\" target=\"_top\"><input name=\"hosted_button_id\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"QSSRVLDUKP2MG\"><input style=\"border: 0;\" title=\"Faire un don avec PayPal\" alt=\"Faire un don avec PayPal\" name=\"submit\" src=\"https:\/\/www.paypalobjects.com\/fr_FR\/FR\/i\/btn\/btn_donateCC_LG.gif\" type=\"image\"><\/form>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 0.9em;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/soutenir\/\">Soutenir mon travail<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/abonnements\/\">Tout lire sans limite<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/Livres-Orazio-Puglisi\/s?rh=n%3A301061%2Cp_27%3AOrazio+Puglisi\">Mes livres<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<style>.opa-art{font-size:1.04em;line-height:1.75}.opa-art h2{margin-top:1.6em}.opa-art h3{margin-top:1.8em;color:#7a1f2b}.opa-fig{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);width:min(1000px,94vw);margin:2.2em 0}.opa-fig img{width:100%!important;height:auto!important;max-width:none!important;display:block;box-shadow:0 10px 34px rgba(0,0,0,.25);border-radius:3px}.opa-fig figcaption{max-width:720px;margin:.8em auto 0;font-size:.82em;line-height:1.5;text-align:center;opacity:.8}.opa-lettrine:first-letter{float:left;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:3.4em;line-height:.9;padding:.05em .12em 0 0;color:#7a1f2b}.opa-biblio{font-size:.92em}<\/style>\n<style>.opa-gal{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(240px,1fr));gap:16px;margin:1.6em 0;position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);width:min(1100px,94vw);background:#fbf8f3;padding:18px;border-radius:8px;box-sizing:border-box;color:#222}.opa-gal figure{margin:0}.opa-gal img{width:100%!important;height:220px!important;object-fit:cover;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.opa-gal figcaption{font-size:.78em;line-height:1.4;margin-top:.4em;opacity:.9}.opa-vidbox{position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;margin:1.2em 0;border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.opa-vidbox iframe,.opa-vidbox video{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0}.opa-dl li{margin:.4em 0}.opa-dl a{font-weight:600}<\/style>\n<div class=\"opa-art\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik (1911-1995), le patriarche de l&rsquo;\u00e9cole sovi\u00e9tique<\/h2>\n<p class=\"opa-lettrine\">Ing\u00e9nieur \u00e9lectricien et docteur en sciences techniques, Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik fut le premier champion du monde sovi\u00e9tique (1948) et le fondateur de la grande \u00e9cole sovi\u00e9tique des \u00e9checs. Rigoureux, scientifique, il appliquait aux \u00e9checs une m\u00e9thode de pr\u00e9paration in\u00e9dite : <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89tude_(%C3%A9checs)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00e9tude<\/a> syst\u00e9matique des ouvertures, entra\u00eenement physique, analyse de ses propres faiblesses.<\/p>\n<h3>Le champion du monde<\/h3>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s la mort d&rsquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/alexandre-alekhine\/\">Alekhine<\/a>, la <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_internationale_des_%C3%A9checs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FIDE<\/a> organise en 1948 un tournoi-match entre les cinq meilleurs joueurs du monde : Botvinnik l&#8217;emporte nettement. Il conserve le titre jusqu&rsquo;en 1963, avec deux interruptions : battu par <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/vassily-smyslov\/\">Smyslov<\/a> (1957) puis par <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/mikhail-tal\/\">Tal<\/a> (1960), il les bat chaque fois dans le match revanche. Il le perd d\u00e9finitivement contre <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/tigran-petrossian\/\">Petrossian<\/a> en 1963.<\/p>\n<h3>L&rsquo;\u00e9cole Botvinnik<\/h3>\n<p>Retir\u00e9 de la comp\u00e9tition en 1970, il fonde une \u00e9cole d&rsquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89checs_par_correspondance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00e9checs par correspondance<\/a> qui forme trois futurs champions du monde : <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/anatoli-karpov\/\">Anatoli Karpov<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/garry-kasparov\/\">Garry Kasparov<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/vladimir-kramnik\/\">Vladimir Kramnik<\/a>. Il consacre aussi des ann\u00e9es \u00e0 la programmation d&rsquo;un logiciel d&rsquo;\u00e9checs, Pioneer, fond\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;imitation du raisonnement humain.<\/p>\n<div class=\"opa-deep\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align:center;margin-top:2em;\">Biographie compl\u00e8te<\/h2>\n<h3>Une jeunesse \u00e0 Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg<\/h3>\n<p>Mikha\u00efl Mo\u00efsse\u00efevitch Botvinnik na\u00eet le 17 ao\u00fbt 1911 \u00e0 Kuokkala, pr\u00e8s de Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg (aujourd\u2019hui Repino), dans une famille juive : son p\u00e8re est technicien dentaire. Il grandit \u00e0 Petrograd, puis Leningrad, et apprend les \u00e9checs \u00e0 douze ans. Ses progr\u00e8s sont rapides : \u00e0 quatorze ans, en 1925, il bat Capablanca lors d\u2019une simultan\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3>L\u2019ing\u00e9nieur \u00e9lectricien<\/h3>\n<p>Botvinnik \u00e9tudie l\u2019\u00e9lectrotechnique \u00e0 l\u2019Institut polytechnique de Leningrad. Toute sa vie, il m\u00e8ne de front une carri\u00e8re d\u2019ing\u00e9nieur et de scientifique, soutenant une th\u00e8se sur les machines \u00e9lectriques, et une carri\u00e8re de joueur. Cette rigueur scientifique marque profond\u00e9ment sa mani\u00e8re de travailler aux \u00e9checs.<\/p>\n<h3>Le champion sovi\u00e9tique<\/h3>\n<p>Botvinnik remporte son premier championnat d\u2019URSS en 1931, puis en 1933, et six fois au total. En 1935 et 1936, il s\u2019impose sur la sc\u00e8ne internationale en terminant premier ex aequo \u00e0 Moscou 1935 avec Flohr, puis \u00e0 Nottingham 1936 avec Capablanca, devant Euwe, <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/emanuel-lasker\/\">Lasker<\/a> et Alekhine. Il devient le symbole de la nouvelle \u00e9cole sovi\u00e9tique des \u00e9checs.<\/p>\n<h3>La m\u00e9thode Botvinnik<\/h3>\n<p>Botvinnik invente une v\u00e9ritable m\u00e9thode de pr\u00e9paration : \u00e9tude approfondie des ouvertures, analyse critique et publication de ses propres parties, entra\u00eenement physique, matchs d\u2019entra\u00eenement dans des conditions difficiles (fum\u00e9e, bruit), r\u00e9gime de vie strict. Cette approche scientifique a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9e par toute l\u2019\u00e9cole sovi\u00e9tique et par les champions modernes.<\/p>\n<h3>Champion du monde (1948)<\/h3>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s la mort d\u2019Alekhine en 1946, la FIDE organise un match-tournoi entre les meilleurs joueurs du monde, \u00e0 La Haye et \u00e0 Moscou en 1948. Botvinnik l\u2019emporte nettement, avec trois points d\u2019avance sur Smyslov, devant Keres, Reshevsky et Euwe. Il devient le sixi\u00e8me champion du monde.<\/p>\n<h3>Les matchs pour le titre (1951-1963)<\/h3>\n<p>Botvinnik d\u00e9fend son titre dans une s\u00e9rie de matchs m\u00e9morables : nul contre Bronstein en 1951 et contre Smyslov en 1954, qui lui permettent de conserver la couronne. Il perd contre Smyslov en 1957, mais le bat dans le match revanche de 1958. Il perd encore contre le jeune Mikha\u00efl Tal en 1960, puis l\u2019\u00e9crase dans la revanche de 1961. En 1963, il perd d\u00e9finitivement son titre contre Tigran Petrossian, la FIDE ayant supprim\u00e9 le droit \u00e0 la revanche.<\/p>\n<h3>Le ma\u00eetre d\u2019\u00e9cole<\/h3>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s sa retraite de joueur en 1970, Botvinnik se consacre \u00e0 deux passions. D\u2019une part, la programmation d\u2019un programme d\u2019\u00e9checs, \u00ab Pionnier \u00bb, fond\u00e9 sur une imitation de la pens\u00e9e humaine. D\u2019autre part, l\u2019\u00e9cole d\u2019\u00e9checs qu\u2019il fonde et anime, par laquelle sont pass\u00e9s Anatoli Karpov, Garry Kasparov et Vladimir Kramnik : trois futurs champions du monde.<\/p>\n<p>Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik meurt \u00e0 Moscou le 5 mai 1995. Il est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le \u00ab patriarche \u00bb des \u00e9checs sovi\u00e9tiques.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"opa-enrich\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align:center;margin-top:2em;\">Biographie d\u00e9taill\u00e9e<\/h3>\n<h4>Jeunesse et formation<\/h4>\n<p>Mikha\u00efl Mo\u00efsse\u00efevitch Botvinnik na\u00eet le 17 ao\u00fbt 1911 \u00e0 Kuokkala, pr\u00e8s de Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg. Il apprend les \u00e9checs \u00e0 douze ans et, en 1925, \u00e0 quatorze ans, bat <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/jose-raul-capablanca\/\">Jos\u00e9 Ra\u00fal Capablanca<\/a> lors d&rsquo;une simultan\u00e9e. Ing\u00e9nieur \u00e9lectricien de formation, il soutiendra un doctorat en sciences techniques et m\u00e8nera toute sa vie une carri\u00e8re scientifique en parall\u00e8le des \u00e9checs.<\/p>\n<h4>Le premier champion sovi\u00e9tique<\/h4>\n<p>Champion d&rsquo;URSS en 1931, il le sera \u00e0 six reprises. Premier ex aequo avec Capablanca \u00e0 Nottingham en 1936, il s&rsquo;impose comme le meilleur joueur sovi\u00e9tique. En 1948, apr\u00e8s la mort d&rsquo;Alekhine, la FIDE organise un tournoi-match entre cinq joueurs : Botvinnik le remporte nettement devant Smyslov, <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/paul-keres\/\">Keres<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/samuel-reshevsky\/\">Reshevsky<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/max-euwe\/\">Euwe<\/a>, et devient le sixi\u00e8me champion du monde.<\/p>\n<h4>Un r\u00e8gne en trois p\u00e9riodes<\/h4>\n<p>Il conserve son titre par deux matchs nuls, contre <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/david-bronstein\/\">David Bronstein<\/a> (1951) et Vassily Smyslov (1954). Battu par Smyslov en 1957, il gagne la revanche de 1958 ; battu par Mikha\u00efl Tal en 1960, il l&rsquo;\u00e9crase lors de la revanche de 1961. Il perd d\u00e9finitivement la couronne en 1963 face \u00e0 Tigran Petrossian, la r\u00e8gle du match revanche ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 supprim\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h4>La m\u00e9thode Botvinnik<\/h4>\n<p>Botvinnik a transform\u00e9 la pr\u00e9paration : \u00e9tude scientifique des ouvertures, analyse s\u00e9v\u00e8re de ses propres parties, parties d&rsquo;entra\u00eenement, entra\u00eenement physique, simulation des conditions de jeu (il demandait \u00e0 ses partenaires de fumer pour s&rsquo;y habituer). Apr\u00e8s sa carri\u00e8re, son \u00e9cole d&rsquo;\u00e9checs a form\u00e9 Anatoli Karpov, Garry Kasparov et Vladimir Kramnik. Passionn\u00e9 d&rsquo;informatique, il consacra ses derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies \u00e0 un programme d&rsquo;\u00e9checs fond\u00e9 sur la pens\u00e9e humaine.<\/p>\n<h4>Ouvertures<\/h4>\n<p>Son nom est attach\u00e9 au syst\u00e8me Botvinnik de la <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%A9fense_semi-slave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">d\u00e9fense semi-slave<\/a> et \u00e0 une formation de l&rsquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ouverture_anglaise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ouverture anglaise<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4>Parties c\u00e9l\u00e8bres<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Botvinnik \u2013 Capablanca, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tournoi_AVRO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AVRO<\/a> 1938<\/strong> : une combinaison c\u00e9l\u00e8bre, avec un sacrifice de fou suivi d&rsquo;une marche du cavalier d\u00e9cisive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Botvinnik \u2013 Tal, 1961<\/strong> : la revanche, chef-d&rsquo;\u0153uvre de jeu positionnel contre le \u00ab magicien \u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es<\/h4>\n<p>Il meurt \u00e0 Moscou le 5 mai 1995. Il reste le \u00ab patriarche \u00bb de l&rsquo;\u00e9cole sovi\u00e9tique d&rsquo;\u00e9checs.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:.85em;opacity:.8;\"><em>Sources : Wikip\u00e9dia (article \u00ab Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik \u00bb), Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik, <em>Achieving the Aim<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"opa-enrich2\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align:center;margin-top:2em;\">Palmar\u00e8s ann\u00e9e par ann\u00e9e<\/h3>\n<table class=\"opa-palm\" style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.95em;margin:1em 0 1.6em;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1925<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Bat Capablanca en simultan\u00e9e, \u00e0 quatorze ans.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1931<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Premier titre de champion d&rsquo;URSS.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1933<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Champion d&rsquo;URSS.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1935<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Premier ex aequo \u00e0 Moscou avec <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/salo-flohr\/\">Flohr<\/a>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1936<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Premier ex aequo \u00e0 Nottingham avec Capablanca.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1938<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Troisi\u00e8me du tournoi AVRO.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1939<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Champion d&rsquo;URSS.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1941<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Remporte le \u00ab championnat absolu \u00bb d&rsquo;URSS.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1944-1945<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Champion d&rsquo;URSS.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1946<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Premier \u00e0 Groningue.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1948<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Remporte le tournoi-match : champion du monde.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1951<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Match nul contre Bronstein (conserve son titre).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1952<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Champion d&rsquo;URSS.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1954<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Match nul contre Smyslov (conserve son titre).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1957-1958<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Perd puis reprend son titre face \u00e0 Smyslov.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#fff\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1960-1961<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Perd puis reprend son titre face \u00e0 Tal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#f7f1e8\">\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;width:6.5em;\">1963<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.35em .7em;\">Perd d\u00e9finitivement son titre contre Petrossian.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align:center;margin-top:2em;\">Parties comment\u00e9es<\/h3>\n<div class=\"opa-partie\" style=\"border-left:4px solid #b58863;background:#fbf8f3;padding:.8em 1.1em;margin:1.2em 0;border-radius:4px;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 .4em;\"><strong>Botvinnik \u2013 Capablanca, AVRO 1938<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;\">Apr\u00e8s une longue man\u0153uvre, Botvinnik joue 30.Fa3 !!, un sacrifice de fou qui d\u00e9tourne la dame noire ; suit une attaque o\u00f9 le cavalier et la dame blancs p\u00e9n\u00e8trent dans le camp adverse. L&rsquo;une des combinaisons les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres du XXe si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"opa-partie\" style=\"border-left:4px solid #b58863;background:#fbf8f3;padding:.8em 1.1em;margin:1.2em 0;border-radius:4px;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 .4em;\"><strong>Botvinnik \u2013 Tal, Moscou 1961 (revanche)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;\">Ayant \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le jeu de Tal avec m\u00e9thode, Botvinnik choisit des positions ferm\u00e9es, \u00e9vite les complications et exploite chaque faiblesse : une d\u00e9monstration de pr\u00e9paration scientifique qui lui rend son titre.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>En images<\/h3>\n<div class=\"opa-gal\">\n<figure><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Flohr_and_Botvinnik_in_the_1930s.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3d\/Flohr_and_Botvinnik_in_the_1930s.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=imageinfo&amp;utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled\" alt=\"Flohr et Botvinnik\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>Salo Flohr et Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik dans les ann\u00e9es 1930. <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Flohr_and_Botvinnik_in_the_1930s.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, Public domain)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mikhail_Botvinnik_-_Mikhail_Tal_-_World_Championship_23th_Moscovo_(6),_1960-03-26_-_wood_handicraft_chess_board.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/Mikhail_Botvinnik_-_Mikhail_Tal_-_World_Championship_23th_Moscovo_%286%29%2C_1960-03-26_-_wood_handicraft_chess_board.JPG\/1920px-Mikhail_Botvinnik_-_Mikhail_Tal_-_World_Championship_23th_Moscovo_%286%29%2C_1960-03-26_-_wood_handicraft_chess_board.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=imageinfo&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" alt=\"Botvinnik et Tal\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik et Mikha\u00efl Tal, adversaires des championnats du monde de 1960 et 1961. <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mikhail_Botvinnik_-_Mikhail_Tal_-_World_Championship_23th_Moscovo_(6),_1960-03-26_-_wood_handicraft_chess_board.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Rep\u00e8res<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"opa-chrono\">\n<li><strong>1911<\/strong> \u2014 Naissance \u00e0 Kuokkala, pr\u00e8s de Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1931<\/strong> \u2014 Champion d&rsquo;URSS.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1948<\/strong> \u2014 Champion du monde.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1957-1958<\/strong> \u2014 Perd puis reprend le titre face \u00e0 Smyslov.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1960-1961<\/strong> \u2014 Perd puis reprend le titre face \u00e0 Tal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1963<\/strong> \u2014 Perd le titre contre Petrossian.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1995<\/strong> \u2014 Mort \u00e0 Moscou.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>En vid\u00e9o<\/h3>\n<style>.opa-vgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(min(100%,440px),1fr));gap:22px;margin:1.4em 0 2.4em;position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);width:min(1150px,94vw)}.opa-vgrid>br{display:none}.opa-vbx{margin:0}.opa-vbx-f{position:relative;display:block;padding-top:56.25%;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.28);background:#000}.opa-vbx-f iframe{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%!important;height:100%!important;border:0}.opa-vbx-f img{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%!important;height:100%!important;object-fit:cover;transition:transform .5s,opacity .3s;opacity:.92}.opa-vbx-f:hover img{transform:scale(1.04);opacity:1}.opa-play{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;width:78px;height:54px;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);background:rgba(204,0,0,.92);border-radius:14px;box-shadow:0 4px 16px rgba(0,0,0,.4)}.opa-play:after{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:31px;top:16px;border-style:solid;border-width:11px 0 11px 19px;border-color:transparent transparent transparent #fff}.opa-vbx figcaption{font-size:.82em;line-height:1.45;text-align:center;margin-top:.6em;opacity:.85}<\/style>\n<p><script>(function(){if(window.opaYT)return;window.opaYT=1;document.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){var a=e.target.closest&&e.target.closest(\".opa-vbx-f[data-yt]\");if(!a)return;e.preventDefault();var f=document.createElement(\"iframe\");f.src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/\"+a.getAttribute(\"data-yt\")+\"?autoplay=1&rel=0\";f.setAttribute(\"allow\",\"autoplay; encrypted-media; picture-in-picture; fullscreen\");f.setAttribute(\"allowfullscreen\",\"\");f.setAttribute(\"referrerpolicy\",\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\");a.innerHTML=\"\";a.appendChild(f);a.removeAttribute(\"data-yt\");a.removeAttribute(\"href\");});})();<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"opa-vgrid\">\n<figure class=\"opa-vbx\"><a class=\"opa-vbx-f\" data-yt=\"89oWUahAWoA\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=89oWUahAWoA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/89oWUahAWoA\/maxresdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Les champions du monde d'\u00e9checs : Botvinnik\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><span class=\"opa-play\"><\/span><\/a><figcaption>Les champions du monde d&rsquo;\u00e9checs : Botvinnik<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Pour aller plus loin<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"opa-biblio\">\n<li>Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik, <em>Cent parties choisies<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Andy Soltis, <em>Mikhail Botvinnik<\/em>, McFarland.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ing\u00e9nieur \u00e9lectricien et docteur en sciences techniques, Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik fut le premier champion du monde sovi\u00e9tique (1948) et le fondateur de la grande \u00e9cole sovi\u00e9tique des \u00e9checs. Rigoureux, scientifique, il appliquait aux \u00e9checs une m\u00e9thode de pr\u00e9paration in\u00e9dite : \u00e9tude syst\u00e9matique des\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35223,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-35222","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik - Orazio Puglisi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/mikhail-botvinnik\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik - Orazio Puglisi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ing\u00e9nieur \u00e9lectricien et docteur en sciences techniques, Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik fut le premier champion du monde sovi\u00e9tique (1948) et le fondateur de la grande \u00e9cole sovi\u00e9tique des \u00e9checs. Rigoureux, scientifique, il appliquait aux \u00e9checs une m\u00e9thode de pr\u00e9paration in\u00e9dite : \u00e9tude syst\u00e9matique des\u2026\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/mikhail-botvinnik\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Orazio Puglisi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-11-13T15:55:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/mikhail-botvinnik.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1265\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1568\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/mikhail-botvinnik\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/mikhail-botvinnik\\\/\",\"name\":\"Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik - Orazio Puglisi\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/mikhail-botvinnik\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/mikhail-botvinnik\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/11\\\/mikhail-botvinnik.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-11-12T14:17:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-11-13T15:55:56+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/mikhail-botvinnik\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/mikhail-botvinnik\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/mikhail-botvinnik\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/11\\\/mikhail-botvinnik.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/11\\\/mikhail-botvinnik.jpg\",\"width\":1265,\"height\":1568,\"caption\":\"Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik en 1962\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/mikhail-botvinnik\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Mikha\u00efl Botvinnik\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/\",\"name\":\"Oraziopuglisi.art\",\"description\":\"Le beau ! 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