{"id":31768,"date":"2026-11-01T09:23:43","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T08:23:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/?page_id=31768"},"modified":"2026-11-04T14:58:26","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T13:58:26","slug":"jordanie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/jordanie\/","title":{"rendered":"Jordanie"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"opa-ref\" style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 0.85em; line-height: 1.5;\"><em><strong>Image d&rsquo;en-t\u00eate :<\/strong> La carte de Madaba, mosa\u00efque de l&rsquo;\u00e9glise Saint-Georges, Madaba, VIe si\u00e8cle (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Madaba_map_mosaic,_Jordan_LOC_matpc.09320.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, Public domain)<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"opa-soutien\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0 0 1.6em;\">\n<form style=\"display: inline-block; margin: 0 0 .4em;\" action=\"https:\/\/www.paypal.com\/donate\" method=\"post\" target=\"_top\"><input name=\"hosted_button_id\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"QSSRVLDUKP2MG\" \/><input style=\"border: 0;\" title=\"Faire un don avec PayPal\" alt=\"Faire un don avec PayPal\" name=\"submit\" src=\"https:\/\/www.paypalobjects.com\/fr_FR\/FR\/i\/btn\/btn_donateCC_LG.gif\" type=\"image\" \/><\/form>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 0.9em;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/soutenir\/\">Soutenir mon travail<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/abonnements\/\">Tout lire sans limite<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/Livres-Orazio-Puglisi\/s?rh=n%3A301061%2Cp_27%3AOrazio+Puglisi\">Mes livres<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<style>.opa-art{font-size:1.04em;line-height:1.75}.opa-art h2{margin-top:1.6em}.opa-art h3{margin-top:1.8em;color:#7a1f2b}.opa-fig{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);width:min(1000px,94vw);margin:2.2em 0}.opa-fig img{width:100%!important;height:auto!important;max-width:none!important;display:block;box-shadow:0 10px 34px rgba(0,0,0,.25);border-radius:3px}.opa-fig figcaption{max-width:720px;margin:.8em auto 0;font-size:.82em;line-height:1.5;text-align:center;opacity:.8}.opa-lettrine:first-letter{float:left;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:3.4em;line-height:.9;padding:.05em .12em 0 0;color:#7a1f2b}.opa-biblio{font-size:.92em}<\/style>\n<style>.opa-gal{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(240px,1fr));gap:16px;margin:1.6em 0;position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);width:min(1100px,94vw);background:#fbf8f3;padding:18px;border-radius:8px;box-sizing:border-box;color:#222}.opa-gal figure{margin:0}.opa-gal img{width:100%!important;height:220px!important;object-fit:cover;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.opa-gal figcaption{font-size:.78em;line-height:1.4;margin-top:.4em;opacity:.9}.opa-vidbox{position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;margin:1.2em 0;border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.opa-vidbox iframe,.opa-vidbox video{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0}.opa-dl li{margin:.4em 0}.opa-dl a{font-weight:600}<\/style>\n<div class=\"opa-art\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">L&rsquo;art en Jordanie : P\u00e9tra, Madaba et les fresques de Qusayr Amra<\/h2>\n<p class=\"opa-lettrine\">Terre des <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nabat%C3%A9ens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nabat\u00e9ens<\/a>, des Romains, des Byzantins et des premiers califes, la <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jordanie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jordanie<\/a> est un v\u00e9ritable mus\u00e9e \u00e0 ciel ouvert. La cit\u00e9 rose de <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%A9tra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">P\u00e9tra<\/a>, taill\u00e9e dans le gr\u00e8s, les mosa\u00efques byzantines de <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madaba\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Madaba<\/a>, \u00ab la cit\u00e9 des mosa\u00efques \u00bb, et les fresques omeyyades du ch\u00e2teau de <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qusayr_Amra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Qusayr Amra<\/a> comptent parmi les tr\u00e9sors du patrimoine mondial.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"opa-fig\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Petra_,_Al-Khazneh_2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/30\/Petra_%2C_Al-Khazneh_2.jpg\/1920px-Petra_%2C_Al-Khazneh_2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&#038;utm_campaign=imageinfo&#038;utm_content=thumbnail\" alt=\"P\u00e9tra, Al-Khazneh\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>P\u00e9tra, le Tr\u00e9sor (Al-Khazneh), Ier si\u00e8cle <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Petra_,_Al-Khazneh_2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>P\u00e9tra, la cit\u00e9 nabat\u00e9enne<\/h3>\n<p>Capitale des Nabat\u00e9ens, peuple de caravaniers qui contr\u00f4lait la route de l&rsquo;encens, P\u00e9tra a \u00e9t\u00e9 taill\u00e9e dans la falaise de gr\u00e8s rose entre le IIIe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C. et le IIe si\u00e8cle. Ses fa\u00e7ades monumentales, comme le Tr\u00e9sor (Al-Khazneh) ou le Monast\u00e8re (Ad-Deir), m\u00ealent architecture hell\u00e9nistique et traditions orientales. Red\u00e9couverte en 1812 par le Suisse Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, elle est l&rsquo;une des sept nouvelles merveilles du monde.<\/p>\n<h3>La carte de Madaba et les mosa\u00efques byzantines<\/h3>\n<figure class=\"opa-fig\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mosaics_at_Mount_Nebo,_Madaba.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Mosaics_at_Mount_Nebo%2C_Madaba.jpg\/1920px-Mosaics_at_Mount_Nebo%2C_Madaba.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&#038;utm_campaign=imageinfo&#038;utm_content=thumbnail\" alt=\"Mosa\u00efques du mont N\u00e9bo\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>Mosa\u00efques du mont N\u00e9bo, VIe si\u00e8cle <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mosaics_at_Mount_Nebo,_Madaba.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY 4.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Au VIe si\u00e8cle, la ville de <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madaba\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Madaba<\/a> et les \u00e9glises du mont N\u00e9bo se couvrent de mosa\u00efques. La plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre, la <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/carte_de_Madaba\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carte de Madaba<\/a>, est la plus ancienne carte de la Terre sainte qui nous soit parvenue : elle montre J\u00e9rusalem avec ses rues \u00e0 colonnades et le Saint-S\u00e9pulcre, le Jourdain avec ses poissons, la mer Morte avec ses bateaux. Sur le <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/mont_N%C3%A9bo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mont N\u00e9bo<\/a>, d&rsquo;o\u00f9 Mo\u00efse aurait contempl\u00e9 la Terre promise, et \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umm_ar-Rasas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Umm ar-Rasas<\/a>, d&rsquo;autres pavements montrent chasses, vendanges et villes.<\/p>\n<h3>Qusayr Amra, les fresques des califes<\/h3>\n<figure class=\"opa-fig\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Qasr_al-Amra_-_Fresco_of_Caliph_Walid_I_or_Walid_II.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/45\/Qasr_al-Amra_-_Fresco_of_Caliph_Walid_I_or_Walid_II.jpg\/1920px-Qasr_al-Amra_-_Fresco_of_Caliph_Walid_I_or_Walid_II.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&#038;utm_campaign=imageinfo&#038;utm_content=thumbnail\" alt=\"Qusayr Amra, fresque\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>Fresque de Qusayr Amra, VIIIe si\u00e8cle <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Qasr_al-Amra_-_Fresco_of_Caliph_Walid_I_or_Walid_II.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Construit vers 723-743 dans le d\u00e9sert, le petit ch\u00e2teau de bains de <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qusayr_Amra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Qusayr Amra<\/a> est couvert de fresques uniques : sc\u00e8nes de chasse, baigneuses, musiciens, artisans, et une coupole repr\u00e9sentant le ciel \u00e9toil\u00e9 avec les constellations, la plus ancienne repr\u00e9sentation connue de la vo\u00fbte c\u00e9leste sur une surface h\u00e9misph\u00e9rique. La fresque des \u00ab Six Rois \u00bb montre les souverains vaincus par l&rsquo;islam. Ces peintures sont un t\u00e9moignage exceptionnel de l&rsquo;art profane des Omeyyades.<\/p>\n<h3>Umm ar-Rasas et la peinture moderne<\/h3>\n<figure class=\"opa-fig\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_central_mosaic_2780.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/84\/Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_central_mosaic_2780.jpg\/1920px-Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_central_mosaic_2780.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&#038;utm_campaign=imageinfo&#038;utm_content=thumbnail\" alt=\"Umm ar-Rasas, mosa\u00efque\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>Mosa\u00efque de l&rsquo;\u00e9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne, Umm ar-Rasas, 718 <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Umm_ar-Rasas_Church_of_St._Stephen_central_mosaic_2780.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>La mosa\u00efque de l&rsquo;\u00e9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne d&rsquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umm_ar-Rasas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Umm ar-Rasas<\/a> (718) repr\u00e9sente quinze villes de Terre sainte et d&rsquo;\u00c9gypte. Au XXe si\u00e8cle, l&rsquo;art moderne jordanien na\u00eet avec la princesse et peintre <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fahrelnissa_Zeid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fahrelnissa Zeid<\/a>, qui ouvre un atelier \u00e0 Amman en 1976, et avec la Galerie nationale des beaux-arts de Jordanie. Ces \u0153uvres ne sont pas encore dans le domaine public.<\/p>\n<h3>Les grands artistes<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"opa-chrono\">\n<li>Les architectes nabat\u00e9ens de P\u00e9tra<\/li>\n<li>Les mosa\u00efstes de Madaba (VIe si\u00e8cle)<\/li>\n<li>Les peintres omeyyades de Qusayr Amra (VIIIe si\u00e8cle)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fahrelnissa_Zeid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fahrelnissa Zeid<\/a> (1901-1991)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mona_Saudi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mona Saudi<\/a> (1945-2022)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Chronologie<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"opa-chrono\">\n<li><strong>IIIe s. av. J.-C.-IIe s.<\/strong> \u2014 Apog\u00e9e de P\u00e9tra<\/li>\n<li><strong>VIe si\u00e8cle<\/strong> \u2014 Carte de Madaba, mosa\u00efques du mont N\u00e9bo<\/li>\n<li><strong>718<\/strong> \u2014 Mosa\u00efque de Saint-\u00c9tienne \u00e0 Umm ar-Rasas<\/li>\n<li><strong>vers 723-743<\/strong> \u2014 Fresques de Qusayr Amra<\/li>\n<li><strong>1812<\/strong> \u2014 Burckhardt red\u00e9couvre P\u00e9tra<\/li>\n<li><strong>1884<\/strong> \u2014 Red\u00e9couverte de la carte de Madaba<\/li>\n<li><strong>1985<\/strong> \u2014 P\u00e9tra et Qusayr Amra au patrimoine mondial<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Galerie<\/h3>\n<div class=\"opa-gal\">\n<figure><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Qusayr_Amra_six_kings_DSCF4936.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/21\/Qusayr_Amra_six_kings_DSCF4936.jpg\/1920px-Qusayr_Amra_six_kings_DSCF4936.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&#038;utm_campaign=imageinfo&#038;utm_content=thumbnail\" alt=\"Qusayr Amra, les Six Rois\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>Qusayr Amra, la fresque des Six Rois <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Qusayr_Amra_six_kings_DSCF4936.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jordan_2021_P088_Mount_Nebo_Basilica_mosaics.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/50\/Jordan_2021_P088_Mount_Nebo_Basilica_mosaics.jpg\/1920px-Jordan_2021_P088_Mount_Nebo_Basilica_mosaics.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&#038;utm_campaign=imageinfo&#038;utm_content=thumbnail\" alt=\"Mont N\u00e9bo\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>Mosa\u00efques de la basilique du mont N\u00e9bo <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jordan_2021_P088_Mount_Nebo_Basilica_mosaics.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Umm_ar-Rasas_Mosaic.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5c\/Umm_ar-Rasas_Mosaic.jpg\/1920px-Umm_ar-Rasas_Mosaic.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&#038;utm_campaign=imageinfo&#038;utm_content=thumbnail\" alt=\"Umm ar-Rasas\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>Mosa\u00efque d&rsquo;Umm ar-Rasas <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Umm_ar-Rasas_Mosaic.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Madaba_Map_(Church).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e5\/Madaba_Map_%28Church%29.jpg\/1920px-Madaba_Map_%28Church%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&#038;utm_campaign=imageinfo&#038;utm_content=thumbnail\" alt=\"Carte de Madaba\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>La carte de Madaba dans l&rsquo;\u00e9glise Saint-Georges <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Madaba_Map_(Church).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Al-Khazneh,_Petra,_Jordan.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/Al-Khazneh%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan.jpg\/1920px-Al-Khazneh%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&#038;utm_campaign=imageinfo&#038;utm_content=thumbnail\" alt=\"P\u00e9tra, Al-Khazneh\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a><figcaption>P\u00e9tra, le Tr\u00e9sor <span style=\"opacity:.75\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Al-Khazneh,_Petra,_Jordan.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY 4.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h3>\u00c0 voir<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"opa-dl\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/results?search_query=Petra+documentary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">P\u00e9tra<\/a> (vid\u00e9os YouTube)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/results?search_query=Madaba+map+mosaic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">La carte de Madaba<\/a> (vid\u00e9os YouTube)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/results?search_query=Qusayr+Amra+frescoes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Qusayr Amra<\/a> (vid\u00e9os YouTube)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Pour aller plus loin en ligne<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"opa-dl\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/fr\/list\/326\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">P\u00e9tra (UNESCO)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/fr\/list\/327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Qusayr Amra (UNESCO)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nationalgallery.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galerie nationale des beaux-arts de Jordanie<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Pour aller plus loin<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"opa-biblio\">\n<li>Michele Piccirillo, <em>The Mosaics of Jordan<\/em>, 1993.<\/li>\n<li>Garth Fowden, <em>Qusayr Amra<\/em>, 2004.<\/li>\n<li>Jane Taylor, <em>Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans<\/em>, 2001.<\/li>\n<li>Voir aussi <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/chronologie-des-mouvements-artistiques\/\">Chronologie des mouvements artistiques<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/la-peinture-au-moyen-orient\/\">La peinture au Moyen-Orient<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/palestine\/\">Palestine<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/les-arts\/\">Les Arts<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Image d&rsquo;en-t\u00eate : La carte de Madaba, mosa\u00efque de l&rsquo;\u00e9glise Saint-Georges, Madaba, VIe si\u00e8cle (Wikimedia Commons, Public domain) Soutenir mon travail \u00b7 Tout lire sans limite \u00b7 Mes livres L&rsquo;art en Jordanie : P\u00e9tra, Madaba et les fresques de Qusayr Amra Terre des Nabat\u00e9ens, des Romains, des Byzantins et des premiers califes, la Jordanie est 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