{"id":30698,"date":"2026-10-27T07:24:24","date_gmt":"2026-10-27T06:24:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/?page_id=30698"},"modified":"2026-10-27T07:52:47","modified_gmt":"2026-10-27T06:52:47","slug":"architecture-en-egypte-antique","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/architecture-en-egypte-antique\/","title":{"rendered":"Architecture en \u00c9gypte antique"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gLp7aayTL9w?si=tQRkweo-XDnbC7Kt\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-page-container\">\n<div class=\"mw-page-container-inner\">\n<div class=\"vector-column-start\">\n<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n<nav id=\"mw-panel-toc\" class=\"mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark\" aria-label=\"Sommaire\" data-event-name=\"ui.sidebar-toc\">\n<div id=\"vector-toc-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n<div id=\"vector-toc\" class=\"vector-toc vector-pinnable-element\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-content-container\">\n<div class=\"vector-column-end no-font-mode-scale\">\n<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Apparence\">\n<div id=\"vector-appearance-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n<div id=\"vector-appearance\" class=\"vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element\">\n<div id=\"skin-client-prefs-skin-theme\" class=\"mw-portlet mw-portlet-skin-client-prefs-skin-theme vector-menu\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"bodyContent\" class=\"vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer\" aria-labelledby=\"firstHeading\" data-mw-ve-target-container=\"\">\n<div class=\"vector-body-before-content\">\n<div class=\"mw-indicators\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<div id=\"contentSub\">\n<div id=\"mw-content-subtitle\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"fr\" data-mw-parsoid-version=\"0.24.0.0-alpha27\" data-mw-html-version=\"2.8.0\">\n<section id=\"mwAQ\" data-mw-section-id=\"0\">\n<figure id=\"mwAg\"><a id=\"mwAw\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwBA\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/af\/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg\/330px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/af\/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg\/960px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"260\" height=\"173\" data-file-width=\"4372\" data-file-height=\"2906\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwBQ\">Les <a id=\"mwBg\" title=\"Pyramides de Gizeh\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyramides_de_Gizeh\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">pyramides de Gizeh<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"mwBw\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">L&rsquo;<b id=\"mwCA\">art architectural en \u00c9gypte antique<\/b> d\u00e9signe les pratiques architecturales qui avaient cours pendant plus de trois mill\u00e9naires de cette p\u00e9riode. Cette dur\u00e9e particuli\u00e8rement longue invite \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer non pas une architecture, mais <i id=\"mwCQ\">des<\/i> architectures \u00e9gyptiennes, dont les diff\u00e9rences sont \u00e0 la fois imputables aux \u00e9volutions technologiques de cette civilisation et aux al\u00e9as historiques multiples. Bien que les vestiges conserv\u00e9s soient \u00e0 dominante culturelle et fun\u00e9raire, les habitations ou constructions utilitaires ont un int\u00e9r\u00eat architectural certain.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwCg\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bien que les influences culturelles et <a id=\"mwCw\" title=\"Mythologie \u00e9gyptienne\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mythologie_%C3%A9gyptienne\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">mythologiques<\/a> soient lisibles dans cette architecture, elle correspond avant tout \u00e0 des r\u00e9ponses pragmatiques aux probl\u00e8mes pos\u00e9s par l&rsquo;environnement, la technique et les mat\u00e9riaux utilis\u00e9s par les anciens \u00e9gyptiens. Les connaissances scientifiques des b\u00e2tisseurs \u00e9gyptiens, dans la plupart des cas purement exp\u00e9rimentales, ont permis de construire tout en tenant compte des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s r\u00e9elles ou suppos\u00e9es des mat\u00e9riaux utilis\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwDA\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00eame si l&rsquo;Histoire nous a laiss\u00e9 quelques noms d&rsquo;<a id=\"mwDQ\" title=\"Architecte\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecte\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">architectes<\/a> de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque de l&rsquo;<a id=\"mwDg\" title=\"\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">\u00c9gypte antique<\/a>, il est tr\u00e8s difficile &#8211; voire impossible -, de faire correspondre \u00e0 certaines constructions un architecte, et encore plus difficile de conna\u00eetre quelles \u00e9taient leurs pr\u00e9rogatives.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwEA\" data-mw-section-id=\"1\" aria-labelledby=\"Mat\u00e9riaux_et_ressources\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<h2 id=\"Mat\u00e9riaux_et_ressources\"><span id=\"Mat.C3.A9riaux_et_ressources\"><\/span>Mat\u00e9riaux et ressources<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwEQ\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">L&rsquo;architecture pratiqu\u00e9e par les anciens \u00c9gyptiens est fortement tributaire des diff\u00e9rents mat\u00e9riaux utilis\u00e9s. On a souvent insist\u00e9 sur le fait que la pierre \u00e9tait un mat\u00e9riau r\u00e9serv\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9dification des temples et \u00e9difices royaux, pourtant, bien que son emploi soit marginal, elle est \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9e dans l&rsquo;architecture citadine comme seuil de porte, base de colonnes, etc. La brique, quant \u00e0 elle, \u00e9tait le mat\u00e9riau de pr\u00e9dilection pour l&rsquo;ensemble des constructions qui n&rsquo;\u00e9taient pas <i id=\"mwEg\">a priori<\/i> destin\u00e9es pour durer (ainsi l&rsquo;\u00e9rosion fait qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;existe que tr\u00e8s rarement des vestiges de l&rsquo;architecture civile comme \u00e0 <a id=\"mwEw\" title=\"Amarna\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amarna\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Amarna<\/a>, prot\u00e9g\u00e9e de l&rsquo;\u00e9rosion, car recouverte par les sables), mais \u00e9galement pour la construction d&rsquo;\u00e9chafaudages et de rampes, accompagnant l&rsquo;ensemble du processus d&rsquo;\u00e9dification.<\/p>\n<section id=\"mwFA\" data-mw-section-id=\"2\" aria-labelledby=\"Pierres\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"Pierres\">Pierres<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"mwFQ\" data-mw-section-id=\"3\" aria-labelledby=\"Le_gr\u00e8s\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Le_gr\u00e8s\"><span id=\"Le_gr.C3.A8s\"><\/span>Le gr\u00e8s<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwFg\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">L&#8217;emploi du <a id=\"mwFw\" title=\"Gr\u00e8s (g\u00e9ologie)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gr%C3%A8s_(g%C3%A9ologie)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">gr\u00e8s<\/a> pour la construction tend \u00e0 se g\u00e9n\u00e9raliser sous la <a id=\"mwGA\" title=\"XVIIIe dynastie \u00e9gyptienne\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XVIIIe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;XVIIIe dynastie \u00e9gyptienne&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:XVIIIe_dynastie_\u00e9gyptienne&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"Dix-huiti\u00e8me\">XVIII<sup>e<\/sup><\/abbr>\u00a0dynastie<\/a> et restera le mat\u00e9riau de construction le plus employ\u00e9 jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la fin de la domination romaine<sup id=\"cite_ref-G67_1-0\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;G67&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-G67-1&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwGQ\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-G67-1\"><span id=\"mwGg\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwGw\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span id=\"mwHA\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>. Il est extrait des carri\u00e8res du <a id=\"mwHQ\" title=\"Gebel Silsileh\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gebel_Silsileh\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Gebel Silsileh<\/a>, \u00e0 <span id=\"mwHg\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Unit\u00e9&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Unit\u00e9&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;160&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;kilom\u00e8tres&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">160\u00a0kilom\u00e8tres<\/span> au sud de <a id=\"mwHw\" title=\"Louxor\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louxor\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Louxor<\/a>. Il est employ\u00e9, dans l&rsquo;architecture cultuelle, pour tout type de structure.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwIA\" data-mw-section-id=\"4\" aria-labelledby=\"Le_calcaire\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Le_calcaire\">Le calcaire<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwIQ\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Massivement employ\u00e9 pendant l&rsquo;<a id=\"mwIg\" title=\"Ancien Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancien_Empire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Ancien<\/a> et le <a id=\"mwIw\" title=\"Moyen Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moyen_Empire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Moyen Empire<\/a>, le <a id=\"mwJA\" title=\"Calcaire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcaire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">calcaire<\/a> est remplac\u00e9 par le gr\u00e8s apr\u00e8s la <a id=\"mwJQ\" title=\"XVIIIe dynastie \u00e9gyptienne\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XVIIIe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;XVIIIe dynastie \u00e9gyptienne&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:XVIIIe_dynastie_\u00e9gyptienne&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"Dix-huiti\u00e8me\">XVIII<sup>e<\/sup><\/abbr>\u00a0dynastie<\/a>. Les lieux d&rsquo;exploitation principaux du calcaire \u00e9gyptien sont<span id=\"mwJg\">\u00a0<\/span>: <a id=\"mwJw\" title=\"Tourah (\u00c9gypte)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tourah_(%C3%89gypte)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Tourah<\/a>, Ma&rsquo;asara, toutes deux situ\u00e9es au sud du <a id=\"mwKA\" title=\"Le Caire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Le_Caire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Caire<\/a>, <a id=\"mwKQ\" title=\"Al-Minya\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-Minya\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Al-Minya<\/a> en <a id=\"mwKg\" title=\"Moyenne-\u00c9gypte\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moyenne-%C3%89gypte\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Moyenne-\u00c9gypte<\/a>, <a id=\"mwKw\" title=\"Cheikh Abd el-Gournah\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cheikh_Abd_el-Gournah\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Cheikh Abd el-Gournah<\/a> et El-Dibabiya dans les environs de <a id=\"mwLA\" title=\"Th\u00e8bes (\u00c9gypte)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A8bes_(%C3%89gypte)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Th\u00e8bes<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-G66_2-0\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;G66&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-G66-2&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwLQ\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-G66-2\"><span id=\"mwLg\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwLw\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>2<span id=\"mwMA\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>. Le calcaire utilis\u00e9 dans les constructions fut bien souvent utilis\u00e9 comme pierre \u00e0 chaux \u00e0 partir de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque romaine<sup id=\"cite_ref-G66_2-1\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;G66&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwMQ\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-G66-2\"><span id=\"mwMg\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwMw\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>2<span id=\"mwNA\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>, expliquant l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de d\u00e9labrement, voire la disparition compl\u00e8te, des monuments construits avec ce mat\u00e9riau.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwNQ\" data-mw-section-id=\"5\" aria-labelledby=\"La_calcite\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"La_calcite\">La calcite<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwNg\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">La <a id=\"mwNw\" title=\"Calcite\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcite\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">calcite<\/a> est souvent appel\u00e9e alb\u00e2tre, \u00e0 tort. L&rsquo;aspect translucide de ce mat\u00e9riau, ainsi que sa fragilit\u00e9 toute particuli\u00e8re, en a limit\u00e9 l&rsquo;utilisation \u00e0 des parties particuli\u00e8res du temple<sup id=\"cite_ref-G66_2-2\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;G66&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwOA\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-G66-2\"><span id=\"mwOQ\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwOg\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>2<span id=\"mwOw\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>. Elle est extraite des carri\u00e8res de l&rsquo;ouadi Gerrawi, de <a id=\"mwPA\" title=\"Beni Suef\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beni_Suef\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Beni Suef<\/a> ou de <a id=\"mwPQ\" title=\"Beni Hassan\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beni_Hassan\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Beni Hassan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwPg\" data-mw-section-id=\"6\" aria-labelledby=\"Le_granite_rose\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Le_granite_rose\">Le granite rose<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwPw\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">La duret\u00e9 du <a id=\"mwQA\" title=\"Granite\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Granite\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">granite<\/a> lui a valu une utilisation massive comme seuil de portes ou ob\u00e9lisques. Son utilisation est \u00e9galement fr\u00e9quente pour la statuaire<sup id=\"cite_ref-G63_3-0\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;G63&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-G63-3&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwQQ\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-G63-3\"><span id=\"mwQg\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwQw\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span id=\"mwRA\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>. Les sources de granite rose sont principalement <a id=\"mwRQ\" title=\"Assouan\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assouan\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Assouan<\/a> jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque romaine, puis les <a id=\"mwRg\" title=\"Carri\u00e8res de pierres dans l'\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carri%C3%A8res_de_pierres_dans_l'%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">carri\u00e8res<\/a> du <a id=\"mwRw\" title=\"Mons Claudianus\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mons_Claudianus\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Mons Claudianus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwSA\" data-mw-section-id=\"7\" aria-labelledby=\"Le_quartzite\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Le_quartzite\">Le quartzite<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwSQ\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le <a id=\"mwSg\" title=\"Quartzite\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quartzite\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">quartzite<\/a> est une pierre principalement utilis\u00e9e pour la statuaire ou de gros \u00e9l\u00e9ments comme les piliers. Le seul monument connu enti\u00e8rement r\u00e9alis\u00e9 en quartzite est la <a id=\"mwSw\" title=\"Chapelle rouge\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chapelle_rouge\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Chapelle rouge<\/a> d&rsquo;<a id=\"mwTA\" title=\"Hatchepsout\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hatchepsout\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Hatchepsout<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-G62_4-0\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;G62&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-G62-4&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwTQ\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-G62-4\"><span id=\"mwTg\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwTw\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span id=\"mwUA\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>. Cette pierre est extraite des carri\u00e8res du Gebel Ahmar, pr\u00e8s du Caire et \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Assouan.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwUQ\" data-mw-section-id=\"8\" aria-labelledby=\"La_pierre_de_Bekhen\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"La_pierre_de_Bekhen\">La pierre de Bekhen<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwUg\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">La <a id=\"mwUw\" title=\"M\u00e9tamorphisme\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%A9tamorphisme#S%C3%A9quence_p%C3%A9litique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">m\u00e9tap\u00e9lite<\/a> est souvent appel\u00e9e <a id=\"mwVA\" title=\"Grauwacke\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grauwacke\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">grauwacke<\/a>, <i id=\"mwVQ\">silstone<\/i> ou schiste vert et n&rsquo;est utilis\u00e9e que pour des ouvrages monolithiques comme statues ou sphinx. Elle est extraite du <a id=\"mwVg\" title=\"Ouadi Hammamat\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ouadi_Hammamat\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Ouadi Hammamat<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwVw\" data-mw-section-id=\"9\" aria-labelledby=\"Autres_mat\u00e9riaux\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"Autres_mat\u00e9riaux\"><span id=\"Autres_mat.C3.A9riaux\"><\/span>Autres mat\u00e9riaux<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwWA\">Briques en argile dites briques crues.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwWQ\" data-mw-section-id=\"10\" aria-labelledby=\"Architecture_cultuelle\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Architecture_cultuelle\">Architecture cultuelle<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<table id=\"mwWg\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Hiero &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Hiero&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; Temple&lt;ref&gt;[[#ROF |R. O. Faulkner]], {{p.|166}}.&lt;\/ref&gt; &quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; &lt;hiero&gt;R8-O6-X1:O1&lt;\/hiero&gt; &quot;},&quot;trans&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;\u1e25w.t n\u1e6fr&quot;},&quot;\u00e9poque&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;\u00e9gypte&quot;},&quot;align&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;right&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Temple<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-5&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwWw\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-5\"><span id=\"mwXA\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwXQ\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span id=\"mwXg\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<table id=\"mwXw\" class=\"mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer\" dir=\"ltr\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;hiero&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;R8-O6-X1:O1&quot;}}\">\n<tbody id=\"mwYA\">\n<tr id=\"mwYQ\">\n<td id=\"mwYg\">\n<table id=\"mwYw\" class=\"mw-hiero-table\">\n<tbody id=\"mwZA\">\n<tr id=\"mwZQ\">\n<td id=\"mwZg\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwZw\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"R8\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_R8.png?c3d74\" alt=\"R8\" height=\"38\" \/><\/td>\n<td id=\"mwaA\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwaQ\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"O6\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_O6.png?36172\" alt=\"O6\" height=\"38\" \/><\/td>\n<td id=\"mwag\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwaw\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"X1\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c\" alt=\"X1\" height=\"11\" \/><br id=\"mwbA\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwbQ\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"O1\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_O1.png?39788\" alt=\"O1\" height=\"16\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><i>\u1e25w.t n\u1e6fr<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<section id=\"mwbg\" data-mw-section-id=\"11\" aria-labelledby=\"Les_origines\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"Les_origines\">Les origines<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwbw\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les premiers lieux de culte de l&rsquo;<a id=\"mwcA\" title=\"\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">\u00c9gypte antique<\/a> semblent \u00eatre de simples alignements de pierres ayant quelques rapports avec l&rsquo;observation des cycles solaires. De tels alignements ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9s \u00e0 <a id=\"mwcQ\" title=\"Nabta Playa\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nabta_Playa\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Nabta<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-W16_6-0\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;W16&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-W16-6&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwcg\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-W16-6\"><span id=\"mwcw\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwdA\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span id=\"mwdQ\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> et dateraient de 6000 \u00e0 6500 ans avant notre \u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwdg\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">D&rsquo;autres d\u00e9couvertes dans des sites plus r\u00e9cents montrent une \u00e9volution de l&rsquo;architecture vers -3500. D&rsquo;apr\u00e8s les vestiges de <a id=\"mwdw\" title=\"Nekhen\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nekhen\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Hi\u00e9rakonpolis<\/a>, il semble en effet que les premiers sanctuaires \u00e9gyptiens aient \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de bois<sup id=\"cite_ref-W16_6-1\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;W16&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mweA\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-W16-6\"><span id=\"mweQ\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mweg\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span id=\"mwew\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>. D\u00e9j\u00e0, les principaux symboles comme les <a id=\"mwfA\" title=\"Oriflamme\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oriflamme\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">oriflammes<\/a> \u00e9taient pr\u00e9sents.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwfQ\" data-mw-section-id=\"12\" aria-labelledby=\"L'\u00e9volution_pendant_les_premi\u00e8res_dynasties\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"L'\u00e9volution_pendant_les_premi\u00e8res_dynasties\"><span id=\"L.27.C3.A9volution_pendant_les_premi.C3.A8res_dynasties\"><\/span>L&rsquo;\u00e9volution pendant les premi\u00e8res dynasties<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"mwfg\" class=\"mw-default-size\"><a id=\"mwfw\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwgA\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/be\/Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg\/250px-Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/be\/Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg\/500px-Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" data-file-width=\"2888\" data-file-height=\"1924\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwgQ\">Le <a id=\"mwgg\" title=\"Complexe fun\u00e9raire de Dj\u00e9ser\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complexe_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Dj%C3%A9ser\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">complexe pyramidal<\/a> de <a id=\"mwgw\" title=\"Dj\u00e9ser\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dj%C3%A9ser\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Dj\u00e9ser<\/a> \u00e0 <a id=\"mwhA\" title=\"Saqqarah\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saqqarah\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Saqqarah<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"mwhQ\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">L&rsquo;observation des premiers complexes fun\u00e9raires d&rsquo;<a id=\"mwhg\" title=\"Abydos (\u00c9gypte)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abydos_(%C3%89gypte)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Abydos<\/a> ou de celui de <a id=\"mwhw\" title=\"Complexe fun\u00e9raire de Dj\u00e9ser\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complexe_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Dj%C3%A9ser\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Dj\u00e9ser<\/a> \u00e0 <a id=\"mwiA\" title=\"Saqqarah\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saqqarah\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Saqqarah<\/a> permettent de restituer l&rsquo;organisation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des temples des premi\u00e8res dynasties. En r\u00e8gle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, une enceinte rectangulaire est perc\u00e9e de portes \u00e0 l&rsquo;extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un de ses c\u00f4t\u00e9s, par lesquelles on acc\u00e8de au complexe<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-7&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwiQ\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-7\"><span id=\"mwig\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwiw\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span id=\"mwjA\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>. Cette structure est bien visible \u00e0 <a id=\"mwjQ\" title=\"Saqqarah\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saqqarah\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Saqqarah<\/a>, au <a id=\"mwjg\" title=\"Complexe fun\u00e9raire de Dj\u00e9ser\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complexe_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Dj%C3%A9ser\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">complexe de Dj\u00e9ser<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwjw\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">C&rsquo;est gr\u00e2ce aux <a id=\"mwkA\" title=\"Complexe pyramidal \u00e9gyptien\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complexe_pyramidal_%C3%A9gyptien\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">complexes fun\u00e9raires<\/a> que l&rsquo;on peut retracer l&rsquo;\u00e9volution de l&rsquo;architecture des temples \u00e9gyptiens. Effectivement, agrandissements et remplacements des premiers temples par des souverains plus tardifs rendront les observations directes de monuments tr\u00e8s anciens rares.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"mwkQ\" class=\"mw-halign-left\"><a id=\"mwkg\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Khephren_007.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwkw\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/53\/Khephren_007.jpg\/250px-Khephren_007.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/53\/Khephren_007.jpg\/500px-Khephren_007.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"200\" height=\"267\" data-file-width=\"691\" data-file-height=\"921\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwlA\">Le temple bas de <a id=\"mwlQ\" title=\"Kh\u00e9phren\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kh%C3%A9phren\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Kh\u00e9phren<\/a> \u00e0 <a id=\"mwlg\" title=\"Gizeh\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gizeh\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Gizeh<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"mwlw\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quoi qu&rsquo;il en soit, un important changement a lieu pendant cette p\u00e9riode<span id=\"mwmA\">\u00a0<\/span>: les constructions qui autrefois se faisaient en <a id=\"mwmQ\" title=\"Brique crue\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brique_crue\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">briques crues<\/a> se font alors en <a id=\"mwmg\" title=\"Pierre de taille\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_de_taille\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">pierre de taille<\/a>. Les blocs du <a id=\"mwmw\" title=\"Complexe fun\u00e9raire de Dj\u00e9ser\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complexe_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Dj%C3%A9ser\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">complexe fun\u00e9raire de Dj\u00e9ser<\/a> sont relativement petits et rappellent la p\u00e9riode de transition entre la ma\u00eetrise des gros volumes de pierres et celle des petits volumes de briques<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-8&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwnA\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-8\"><span id=\"mwnQ\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwng\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>8<span id=\"mwnw\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>. Il est probable que cette modification se soit faite apr\u00e8s la prise de conscience des \u00c9gyptiens de la fragilit\u00e9 des briques non cuites et l&rsquo;affirmation d&rsquo;une <a id=\"mwoA\" title=\"Religion de l'\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religion_de_l'%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">religion<\/a> dans laquelle la conservation du corps pour l&rsquo;\u00e9ternit\u00e9 est une des composantes importantes.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwoQ\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Une fois le principe de la pyramide adopt\u00e9 par les souverains \u00e9gyptiens comme monument fun\u00e9raire, les techniques de construction se modifient et les \u00c9gyptiens de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque apprennent alors \u00e0 manier de plus gros volumes. Si ces volumes se retrouvent tr\u00e8s bien dans les dalles des chambres de d\u00e9charge de la <a id=\"mwog\" title=\"Pyramide de Kh\u00e9ops\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyramide_de_Kh%C3%A9ops\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">pyramide de Kh\u00e9ops<\/a>, mais \u00e9galement dans les vo\u00fbtes de soutien des pyramides \u00e0 texte, ils n&rsquo;y sont pas moins pr\u00e9sents dans les temples proprement dits. Ainsi, les temples bas et haut de la <a id=\"mwow\" title=\"Pyramide de Kh\u00e9phren\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyramide_de_Kh%C3%A9phren\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">pyramide de Kh\u00e9phren<\/a> sont-ils faits d&rsquo;\u00e9normes monolithes en guise de piliers.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwpA\" data-mw-section-id=\"13\" aria-labelledby=\"Le_Moyen_Empire_ou_l'\u00e9laboration_de_l'\u00e9l\u00e9gance\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h3 id=\"Le_Moyen_Empire_ou_l'\u00e9laboration_de_l'\u00e9l\u00e9gance\"><span id=\"Le_Moyen_Empire_ou_l.27.C3.A9laboration_de_l.27.C3.A9l.C3.A9gance\"><\/span>Le Moyen Empire ou l&rsquo;\u00e9laboration de l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9gance<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"mwpQ\" class=\"mw-halign-left\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a id=\"mwpg\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chapelle_Sesostris.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwpw\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c9\/Chapelle_Sesostris.jpg\/250px-Chapelle_Sesostris.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c9\/Chapelle_Sesostris.jpg\/330px-Chapelle_Sesostris.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"150\" height=\"113\" data-file-width=\"768\" data-file-height=\"576\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwqA\">Le <i id=\"mwqQ\">reposoir de la barque<\/i> ou <a id=\"mwqg\" title=\"Chapelle blanche (Karnak)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chapelle_blanche_(Karnak)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Chapelle blanche<\/a> de <span id=\"mwqw\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;noble&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Noble&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;S\u00e9sostris Ier&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><\/span><a id=\"mwrA\" title=\"S\u00e9sostris Ier\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%A9sostris_Ier\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">S\u00e9sostris\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"premier\"><span class=\"romain\">I<\/span><sup>er<\/sup><\/abbr><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"mwrQ\" class=\"mw-default-size\"><a id=\"mwrg\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Temple-montouhotep.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwrw\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Temple-montouhotep.jpg\/250px-Temple-montouhotep.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Temple-montouhotep.jpg\/500px-Temple-montouhotep.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"250\" height=\"196\" data-file-width=\"1812\" data-file-height=\"1424\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwsA\">Temple de <span id=\"mwsQ\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;noble&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Noble&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Montouhotep II&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><\/span><a id=\"mwsg\" title=\"Montouhotep II\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montouhotep_II\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Montouhotep\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"2\"><span class=\"romain\">II<\/span><\/abbr><\/a> \u00e0 <a id=\"mwsw\" title=\"Deir el-Bahari\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deir_el-Bahari\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Deir el-Bahari<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div id=\"mwtA\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9 &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Article_d\u00e9taill\u00e9&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Art du Moyen Empire \u00e9gyptien&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe\">Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9\u00a0: <a title=\"Art du Moyen Empire \u00e9gyptien\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Art_du_Moyen_Empire_%C3%A9gyptien\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Art du Moyen Empire \u00e9gyptien<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwtQ\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Comme l&rsquo;art de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque, la construction du <a id=\"mwtg\" title=\"Moyen Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moyen_Empire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Moyen Empire<\/a> atteint des sommets. Sous <span id=\"mwtw\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;noble&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Noble&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;S\u00e9sostris Ier&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><\/span><a id=\"mwuA\" title=\"S\u00e9sostris Ier\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%A9sostris_Ier\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">S\u00e9sostris\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"premier\"><span class=\"romain\">I<\/span><sup>er<\/sup><\/abbr><\/a>, le temple prend une forme plus rigoureuse, marqu\u00e9e par la sym\u00e9trie par rapport \u00e0 l&rsquo;axe principal de l&rsquo;\u00e9difice<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-9&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwuQ\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-9\"><span id=\"mwug\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwuw\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span id=\"mwvA\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>. La <a id=\"mwvQ\" title=\"Chapelle blanche (Karnak)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chapelle_blanche_(Karnak)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">chapelle blanche<\/a> est sans doute l&rsquo;exemple absolu de l&rsquo;architecture cultuelle de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la finesse de sa d\u00e9coration et de son architecture. L&rsquo;\u00e9poque n&rsquo;en est pas moins ouverte \u00e0 de nouvelles formes, comme le complexe mortuaire de <span id=\"mwvg\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;noble&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Noble&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Montouhotep II&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><\/span><a id=\"mwvw\" title=\"Montouhotep II\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montouhotep_II\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Montouhotep\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"2\"><span class=\"romain\">II<\/span><\/abbr><\/a> \u00e0 <a id=\"mwwA\" title=\"Deir el-Bahari\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deir_el-Bahari\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Deir el-Bahari<\/a> qui voit l&rsquo;apparition des colonnades et du plan inclin\u00e9, ainsi que la cr\u00e9ation des premiers <a id=\"mwwQ\" title=\"Sp\u00e9os\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9os\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">sp\u00e9os<\/a>. Globalement, les portiques se g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisent puisqu&rsquo;on en retrouve d&rsquo;une part \u00e0 <a id=\"mwwg\" title=\"Deir el-Bahari\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deir_el-Bahari\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Deir el-Bahari<\/a>, mais \u00e9galement \u00e0 Karnak<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-10&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwww\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-10\"><span id=\"mwxA\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwxQ\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span id=\"mwxg\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwxw\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">C&rsquo;est \u00e9galement pendant cette p\u00e9riode que le temple de <a id=\"mwyA\" title=\"Karnak\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karnak\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Karnak<\/a> prend de l&rsquo;importance puisqu&rsquo;on y retrouve de nombreuses constructions, notamment les fondements du temple actuel<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-11&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwyQ\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-11\"><span id=\"mwyg\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwyw\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>11<span id=\"mwzA\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>, pr\u00e9parant ainsi le terrain aux souverains du <a id=\"mwzQ\" title=\"Nouvel Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nouvel_Empire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Nouvel Empire<\/a> qui feront de <a id=\"mwzg\" title=\"Karnak\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karnak\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Karnak<\/a> leur principal lieu de travaux.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwzw\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cette p\u00e9riode de mutations s&rsquo;\u00e9teint dans les troubles, mais pr\u00e9pare \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9clat du <a id=\"mw0A\" title=\"Nouvel Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nouvel_Empire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Nouvel Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mw0Q\" data-mw-section-id=\"14\" aria-labelledby=\"Le_Nouvel_Empire\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"Le_Nouvel_Empire\">Le Nouvel Empire<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mw0g\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9 &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Article_d\u00e9taill\u00e9&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Art du Nouvel Empire \u00e9gyptien&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe\">Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9\u00a0: <a title=\"Art du Nouvel Empire \u00e9gyptien\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Art_du_Nouvel_Empire_%C3%A9gyptien\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Art du Nouvel Empire \u00e9gyptien<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mw0w\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00c9tant une p\u00e9riode de prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9, le <a id=\"mw1A\" title=\"Nouvel Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nouvel_Empire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Nouvel Empire<\/a> permet aux souverains de se consacrer \u00e0 la construction de temples et de monuments. Le chantier de pr\u00e9dilection de ces souverains est sans aucun doute Karnak, qui sera agrandi durant presque toute cette p\u00e9riode. D&rsquo;un point de vue architectural, on assiste \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9laboration du temple type<sup id=\"cite_ref-W24_12-0\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;W24&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-W24-12&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mw1Q\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-W24-12\"><span id=\"mw1g\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mw1w\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span id=\"mw2A\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> comprenant<span id=\"mw2Q\">\u00a0<\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"mw2g\">\n<li id=\"mw2w\">un <a id=\"mw3A\" title=\"Pyl\u00f4ne (\u00c9gypte antique)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyl%C3%B4ne_(%C3%89gypte_antique)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">pyl\u00f4ne<\/a>, d\u00e9j\u00e0 utilis\u00e9 dans les complexes fun\u00e9raires de l&rsquo;<a id=\"mw3Q\" title=\"Ancien Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancien_Empire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Ancien Empire<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-13&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mw3g\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-13\"><span id=\"mw3w\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mw4A\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>13<span id=\"mw4Q\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>, dont la fa\u00e7ade est orn\u00e9e d&rsquo;oriflammes et pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e ou non par<span id=\"mw4g\">\u00a0<\/span>:\n<ul id=\"mw4w\">\n<li id=\"mw5A\">une paire d&rsquo;<a id=\"mw5Q\" title=\"Ob\u00e9lisque\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ob%C3%A9lisque\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ob\u00e9lisques<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"mw5g\">un <a id=\"mw5w\" title=\"Dromos\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dromos\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">dromos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"mw6A\">une cour <a id=\"mw6Q\" title=\"P\u00e9ristyle\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%A9ristyle\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">p\u00e9ristyle<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"mw6g\">une <a id=\"mw6w\" title=\"Salle hypostyle\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salle_hypostyle\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">salle hypostyle<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"mw7A\">un <a id=\"mw7Q\" title=\"Reposoir de la barque\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reposoir_de_la_barque\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">reposoir de la barque<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"mw7g\">un sanctuaire ou <a id=\"mw7w\" title=\"Naos\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naos\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Naos<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"mw8A\">des d\u00e9pendances, \u00e0 savoir<span id=\"mw8Q\">\u00a0<\/span>:\n<ul id=\"mw8g\">\n<li id=\"mw8w\">entrep\u00f4ts<\/li>\n<li id=\"mw9A\">habitations des pr\u00eatres<\/li>\n<li id=\"mw9Q\">greniers, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"mw9g\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">La domination de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte se faisant de plus en plus importante en <a id=\"mw9w\" title=\"Nubie\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nubie\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Nubie<\/a>, de nouveaux monuments y sont construits. En \u00c9gypte m\u00eame, de nouvelles techniques de construction apparaissent, puisque la <a id=\"mw-A\" title=\"Chapelle rouge\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chapelle_rouge\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">chapelle rouge<\/a> est le premier exemple de b\u00e2timent pr\u00e9fabriqu\u00e9 de l&rsquo;histoire<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-14&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mw-Q\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-14\"><span id=\"mw-g\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mw-w\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span id=\"mw_A\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"mw_Q\" class=\"reference cite_virgule\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;,&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:,&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">,<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-15&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mw_g\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-15\"><span id=\"mw_w\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwAQA\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>15<span id=\"mwAQE\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>. Les <a id=\"mwAQI\" title=\"Sp\u00e9os\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9os\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">sp\u00e9os<\/a> sont de plus en plus pr\u00e9sents pendant cette p\u00e9riode.<\/p>\n<section id=\"mwAQM\" data-mw-section-id=\"15\" aria-labelledby=\"L'\u00e9pisode_amarnien\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"L'\u00e9pisode_amarnien\"><span id=\"L.27.C3.A9pisode_amarnien\"><\/span>L&rsquo;\u00e9pisode amarnien<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mwAQQ\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9 &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Article_d\u00e9taill\u00e9&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Art amarnien&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe\">Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9\u00a0: <a title=\"Art amarnien\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Art_amarnien\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Art amarnien<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwAQU\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">La p\u00e9riode amarnienne voit se construire des temples d&rsquo;un type diff\u00e9rent. Contrairement aux temples classiques o\u00f9 la plupart des pi\u00e8ces sont couvertes, le temple amarnien est presque int\u00e9gralement \u00e0 ciel ouvert<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-16&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwAQY\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-16\"><span id=\"mwAQc\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwAQg\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span id=\"mwAQk\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"mwAQo\" class=\"reference cite_virgule\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;,&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:,&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">,<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-17&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwAQs\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-17\"><span id=\"mwAQw\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwAQ0\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span id=\"mwAQ4\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>. De plus, afin de construire rapidement de grands monuments, ce sont des pierres de petite taille qui sont utilis\u00e9es pour la construction<span id=\"mwAQ8\">\u00a0<\/span>: les <a id=\"mwARA\" title=\"Talatate\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talatate\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">talatates<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwARE\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Organis\u00e9s principalement autour d&rsquo;<a id=\"mwARI\" title=\"Autel (religion)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autel_(religion)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">autels<\/a>, en raison des particularit\u00e9s du <a id=\"mwARM\" title=\"Culte d'Aton\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Culte_d'Aton\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">culte d&rsquo;Aton<\/a>, les temples amarniens tels que la \u00ab<span id=\"mwARQ\">\u00a0<\/span>Maison du disque solaire \u00e0 <a id=\"mwARU\" title=\"Akhetaton\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akhetaton\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Akhetaton<\/a><span id=\"mwARY\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb prennent des dimensions impressionnantes compte tenu du temps r\u00e9duit de leur construction. Les autels \u00e9taient r\u00e9partis dans des \u00ab<span id=\"mwARc\">\u00a0<\/span>enclos<span id=\"mwARg\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb de taille variable, mais toujours \u00e0 ciel ouvert.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwARk\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Un style particulier de porte se g\u00e9n\u00e9ralise \u00e9galement pendant cette p\u00e9riode<span id=\"mwARo\">\u00a0<\/span>: des portes dont le <a id=\"mwARs\" title=\"Linteau (architecture)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linteau_(architecture)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">linteau<\/a> est compos\u00e9 de deux parties disjointes<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-18&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwARw\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-18\"><span id=\"mwAR0\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwAR4\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span id=\"mwAR8\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwASA\" data-mw-section-id=\"16\" aria-labelledby=\"L'\u00e9poque_ramesside\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"L'\u00e9poque_ramesside\"><span id=\"L.27.C3.A9poque_ramesside\"><\/span>L&rsquo;\u00e9poque ramesside<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwASE\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Particularis\u00e9e par l&rsquo;importance du nom <span id=\"mwASI\" class=\"page_h\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;page h'&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Page_h'&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rams\u00e8s&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><a class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Rams\u00e8s\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rams%C3%A8s\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Rams\u00e8s<\/a><\/span> parmi les souverains, cette p\u00e9riode est extr\u00eamement importante du point de vue architectural. Bien que le pouvoir politique tente d&rsquo;effacer toutes les traces de l&rsquo;\u00e9pisode amarnien, les constructions, et notamment le registre iconographique, en gardent de nombreuses traces. Les grands chantiers se concentrent alors \u00e0 <a id=\"mwASM\" title=\"Th\u00e8bes (\u00c9gypte)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A8bes_(%C3%89gypte)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Th\u00e8bes<\/a> o\u00f9 les nombreux temples fun\u00e9raires font de la rive ouest un ensemble architectural important, tandis que <a id=\"mwASQ\" title=\"Karnak\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karnak\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Karnak<\/a> re\u00e7oit toujours les agrandissements successifs des diff\u00e9rents souverains. <a id=\"mwASU\" title=\"Abydos (\u00c9gypte)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abydos_(%C3%89gypte)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Abydos<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-19&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwASY\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-19\"><span id=\"mwASc\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwASg\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span id=\"mwASk\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u00e9galement, avec le temple de <span id=\"mwASo\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;noble&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Noble&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;S\u00e9thi Ier&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><\/span><a id=\"mwASs\" title=\"S\u00e9thi Ier\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%A9thi_Ier\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">S\u00e9thi\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"premier\"><span class=\"romain\">I<\/span><sup>er<\/sup><\/abbr><\/a>, lieu de culte osirien, est un excellent exemple de la beaut\u00e9 des cr\u00e9ations ramessides.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwASw\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">L&rsquo;arch\u00e9type du temple \u00e9gyptien d&rsquo;<a id=\"mwAS0\" title=\"\u00c9poque ramesside\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89poque_ramesside\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">\u00e9poque ramesside<\/a> est le <a id=\"mwAS4\" title=\"Temple de Khonsou (Karnak)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temple_de_Khonsou_(Karnak)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">temple de Khonsou<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-W24_12-1\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;W24&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwAS8\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-W24-12\"><span id=\"mwATA\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwATE\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span id=\"mwATI\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u00e0 <a id=\"mwATM\" title=\"Karnak\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karnak\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Karnak<\/a>. La rigueur de la construction, et notamment de l&rsquo;agencement, est \u00e9galement omnipr\u00e9sente dans les temples fun\u00e9raires de cette \u00e9poque. Lieux de culte divin avant tout, ces monuments suivent les r\u00e8gles, qui semblent alors immuables, de l&rsquo;architecture du temple de cette \u00e9poque. Le temple est alors bien souvent accompagn\u00e9 d&rsquo;un palais, dont le r\u00f4le n&rsquo;est pas encore bien pr\u00e9cis<sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-20&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwATQ\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-20\"><span id=\"mwATU\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwATY\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>20<span id=\"mwATc\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwATg\" data-mw-section-id=\"17\" aria-labelledby=\"L'influence_grecque\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"L'influence_grecque\"><span id=\"L.27influence_grecque\"><\/span>L&rsquo;influence grecque<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"mwATk\" class=\"mw-default-size\"><a id=\"mwATo\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Temple_of_Edfu_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwATs\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9e\/The_Temple_of_Edfu_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88.jpg\/250px-The_Temple_of_Edfu_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9e\/The_Temple_of_Edfu_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88.jpg\/500px-The_Temple_of_Edfu_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"250\" height=\"135\" data-file-width=\"5822\" data-file-height=\"3150\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwATw\">Le <a id=\"mwAT0\" title=\"Temple d'Horus (Edfou)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temple_d'Horus_(Edfou)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">temple<\/a> d&rsquo;<a id=\"mwAT4\" title=\"Edfou\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edfou\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Edfou<\/a>, arch\u00e9type du temple <a id=\"mwAT8\" title=\"Dynastie lagide\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynastie_lagide\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ptol\u00e9ma\u00efque<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"mwAUA\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">D\u00e8s la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du <abbr id=\"mwAUE\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"3\u1d49 si\u00e8cle avant J\u00e9sus-Christ\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;sav-&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Sav-&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;III&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><span class=\"romain\">III<\/span><sup>e<\/sup><\/abbr>\u00a0si\u00e8cle avant notre \u00e8re, sous les deux premiers <a id=\"mwAUI\" title=\"Dynastie lagide\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynastie_lagide\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Ptol\u00e9m\u00e9es<\/a>, l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte se couvre de magnifiques monuments. Particuli\u00e8rement <a id=\"mwAUM\" title=\"Alexandrie\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexandrie\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Alexandrie<\/a> qui prend l\u2019aspect qu\u2019elle va conserver jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la fin de l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9, avec ses jardins et ses monuments de conception grecque<span id=\"mwAUQ\">\u00a0<\/span>: palais royal sur la mer, mus\u00e9e et biblioth\u00e8que, S\u00f4ma (tombeau d\u2019<a id=\"mwAUU\" title=\"Alexandre le Grand\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexandre_le_Grand\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Alexandre le Grand<\/a>), <a id=\"mwAUY\" title=\"S\u00e9rap\u00e9um d'Alexandrie\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%A9rap%C3%A9um_d'Alexandrie\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">S\u00e9rap\u00e9um<\/a> (temple consacr\u00e9 au dieu gr\u00e9co-\u00e9gyptien <a id=\"mwAUc\" title=\"Sarapis\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarapis\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Sarapis<\/a>), temple d\u2019Isis, march\u00e9s, th\u00e9\u00e2tre et surtout le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre <a id=\"mwAUg\" title=\"Phare d'Alexandrie\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phare_d'Alexandrie\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">phare<\/a>, tour \u00e9lev\u00e9e par <a id=\"mwAUk\" title=\"Sostrate de Cnide\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sostrate_de_Cnide\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Sostrate de Cnide<\/a> sur l\u2019<a id=\"mwAUo\" title=\"\u00cele de Pharos\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%8Ele_de_Pharos\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">\u00eele de Pharos<\/a>, qui a donn\u00e9 son nom \u00e0 ce type de monument.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAUs\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00eame les temples, construits selon les mod\u00e8les traditionnels, subissent des modifications de d\u00e9tail, mais, contrairement au style alexandrin, seront construits selon les r\u00e8gles \u00e9gyptiennes. C\u2019est \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque qu\u2019apparaissent les <i id=\"mwAUw\"><a id=\"mwAU0\" title=\"Mammisi\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mammisi\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">mammisi<\/a><\/i> comme monuments ind\u00e9pendants, que les chapiteaux de colonnes se multiplient \u00e0 l\u2019infini dans leurs d\u00e9cors et s\u2019alourdissent et que se multiplient les murs d&rsquo;entrecolonnement.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAU4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le plan du temple ptol\u00e9ma\u00efque est ainsi l\u00e9g\u00e8rement diff\u00e9rent de celui du <a id=\"mwAU8\" title=\"Moyen Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moyen_Empire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Moyen Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAVA\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Autour d&rsquo;un naos se r\u00e9partissent diff\u00e9rentes salles de culte ou salles permettant le stockage de denr\u00e9es diverses auxquelles on acc\u00e8de par un couloir. Suit une salle d&rsquo;offrande faisant la transition avec les <a id=\"mwAVE\" title=\"Salle hypostyle\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salle_hypostyle\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">salles hypostyles<\/a> dont la premi\u00e8re est dot\u00e9e d&rsquo;un nouveau syst\u00e8me de <a id=\"mwAVI\" title=\"Claustra\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claustra\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">claustras<\/a>. L&rsquo;illumination ne se fait plus alors par le centre de la salle comme c&rsquo;est le cas \u00e0 <a id=\"mwAVM\" title=\"Karnak\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karnak\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Karnak<\/a>, mais par la face de l&rsquo;entr\u00e9e, gr\u00e2ce aux murs d&rsquo;entrecolonnement. L&rsquo;ensemble de l&rsquo;\u00e9difice ainsi d\u00e9fini est englob\u00e9 dans une enceinte pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e d&rsquo;un <a id=\"mwAVQ\" title=\"Pyl\u00f4ne (\u00c9gypte antique)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyl%C3%B4ne_(%C3%89gypte_antique)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">pyl\u00f4ne<\/a>. <a id=\"mwAVU\" title=\"Edfou\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edfou\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Edfou<\/a>, <a id=\"mwAVY\" title=\"Dend\u00e9rah\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dend%C3%A9rah\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Dend\u00e9rah<\/a> et <a id=\"mwAVc\" title=\"K\u00f4m Ombo\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C3%B4m_Ombo\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">K\u00f4m Ombo<\/a> sont les meilleurs exemples de cette architecture.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAVg\" data-mw-section-id=\"18\" aria-labelledby=\"Architecture_fun\u00e9raire\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<h2 id=\"Architecture_fun\u00e9raire\"><span id=\"Architecture_fun.C3.A9raire\"><\/span>Architecture fun\u00e9raire<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"mwAVk\" data-mw-section-id=\"19\" aria-labelledby=\"La_tombe_pr\u00e9dynastique_:_Nagada\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"La_tombe_pr\u00e9dynastique_:_Nagada\"><span id=\"La_tombe_pr.C3.A9dynastique_:_Nagada\"><\/span>La tombe pr\u00e9dynastique<span id=\"mwAVo\">\u00a0<\/span>: Nagada<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwAVs\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">La p\u00e9riode de <a id=\"mwAVw\" title=\"Nagada\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nagada\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Nagada<\/a> est ant\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle des premiers rois d\u2019\u00c9gypte. L\u2019inhumation \u00e9tait alors pratiqu\u00e9e dans une fosse circulaire, ovale ou rectangulaire creus\u00e9e dans le sable. Le corps est d\u00e9pos\u00e9 en position f\u0153tale, la t\u00eate au sud, le visage vers l\u2019ouest. Il semble que le corps n\u2019ait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 momifi\u00e9 \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque, mais que le sable ait agi naturellement dans ce sens.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAV0\" data-mw-section-id=\"20\" aria-labelledby=\"Le_mastaba_de_l'Ancien_Empire\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"Le_mastaba_de_l'Ancien_Empire\"><span id=\"Le_mastaba_de_l.27Ancien_Empire\"><\/span>Le mastaba de l&rsquo;Ancien Empire<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"mwAV4\" class=\"mw-default-size\"><a id=\"mwAV8\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Saqqarah_Djeser_10.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAWA\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9e\/Saqqarah_Djeser_10.jpg\/250px-Saqqarah_Djeser_10.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9e\/Saqqarah_Djeser_10.jpg\/500px-Saqqarah_Djeser_10.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"250\" height=\"222\" data-file-width=\"863\" data-file-height=\"768\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwAWE\"><a id=\"mwAWI\" title=\"Dj\u00e9ser\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dj%C3%A9ser\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Dj\u00e9ser<\/a> au travers d&rsquo;un des trous du <a id=\"mwAWM\" title=\"Serdab\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serdab\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">serdab<\/a> de <a id=\"mwAWQ\" title=\"Saqqarah\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saqqarah\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Saqqarah<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<table id=\"mwAWU\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Hiero &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Hiero&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; Mastaba&lt;ref&gt;[[#ROF |R. O. Faulkner]], {{p.|10}}.&lt;\/ref&gt; &quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; &lt;hiero&gt;M17 D36:O24&lt;\/hiero&gt; &quot;},&quot;trans&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;i\u02c1&quot;},&quot;\u00e9poque&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;\u00e9gypte&quot;},&quot;align&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;left&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Mastaba<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-21&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwAWY\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-21\"><span id=\"mwAWc\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwAWg\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span id=\"mwAWk\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<table id=\"mwAWo\" class=\"mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer\" dir=\"ltr\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;hiero&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;M17 D36:O24&quot;}}\">\n<tbody id=\"mwAWs\">\n<tr id=\"mwAWw\">\n<td id=\"mwAW0\">\n<table id=\"mwAW4\" class=\"mw-hiero-table\">\n<tbody id=\"mwAW8\">\n<tr id=\"mwAXA\">\n<td id=\"mwAXE\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAXI\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"M17\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_M17.png?2e70b\" alt=\"M17\" height=\"38\" \/><\/td>\n<td id=\"mwAXM\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAXQ\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"D36\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_D36.png?9d512\" alt=\"D36\" height=\"9\" \/><br id=\"mwAXU\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAXY\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"O24\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_O24.png?982d7\" alt=\"O24\" height=\"30\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><i>i\u02c1<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"mwAXc\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">La tombe, qu\u2019elle soit royale ou civile, \u00e9volue vers une forme architecturale plus d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e. Effectivement, on ne creuse plus uniquement, mais on construit \u00e9galement une structure en pierre au-dessus du caveau fun\u00e9raire. Le mastaba montre l\u2019\u00e9volution des croyances fun\u00e9raires puisque la momie est maintenant prot\u00e9g\u00e9e par une structure de briques dans un premier temps, puis de pierres.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAXg\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le <a id=\"mwAXk\" title=\"Mastaba\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mastaba\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">mastaba<\/a> est un b\u00e2timent quadrangulaire aux pentes l\u00e9g\u00e8rement inclin\u00e9es et au toit plat. \u00c0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur du mastaba sont construites de nombreuses pi\u00e8ces \u00e0 vocations diff\u00e9rentes. Cependant, la partie la plus importante est le <a id=\"mwAXo\" title=\"Serdab\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serdab\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">serdab<\/a> o\u00f9 \u00e9tait plac\u00e9e une statue du <a id=\"mwAXs\" title=\"Composition de l'\u00eatre dans l'\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Composition_de_l'%C3%AAtre_dans_l'%C3%89gypte_antique#Ka\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Ka<\/a> et qui ne communiquait avec le reste du mastaba que par deux trous creus\u00e9s dans un mur. L\u2019acc\u00e8s au caveau s\u2019effectue par un puits creus\u00e9 dans le toit qui descend en profondeur jusqu\u2019au caveau fun\u00e9raire, creus\u00e9 dans la roche.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAXw\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tandis que le tombeau royal \u00e9volue, le mastaba restera encore longtemps utilis\u00e9 comme tombe de noble.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAX0\" data-mw-section-id=\"21\" aria-labelledby=\"La_pyramide\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"La_pyramide\">La pyramide<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mwAX4\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9 &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Article_d\u00e9taill\u00e9&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Complexe pyramidal \u00e9gyptien &quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pyramide \u00e0 degr\u00e9s &quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pyramide \u00e0 faces lisses&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe\">Articles d\u00e9taill\u00e9s\u00a0: <a title=\"Complexe pyramidal \u00e9gyptien\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complexe_pyramidal_%C3%A9gyptien\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Complexe pyramidal \u00e9gyptien<\/a>, <a title=\"Pyramide \u00e0 degr\u00e9s\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyramide_%C3%A0_degr%C3%A9s\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Pyramide \u00e0 degr\u00e9s<\/a> et <a title=\"Pyramide \u00e0 faces lisses\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyramide_%C3%A0_faces_lisses\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Pyramide \u00e0 faces lisses<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"mwAX8\" class=\"mw-default-size\"><a id=\"mwAYA\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gizeh_Mykerinos_08.JPG?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAYE\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/96\/Gizeh_Mykerinos_08.JPG\/250px-Gizeh_Mykerinos_08.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/96\/Gizeh_Mykerinos_08.JPG\/500px-Gizeh_Mykerinos_08.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" data-file-width=\"2048\" data-file-height=\"1536\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwAYI\">Le temple bas de <a id=\"mwAYM\" title=\"Myk\u00e9rinos\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myk%C3%A9rinos\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Myk\u00e9rinos<\/a> avec vue sur la <a id=\"mwAYQ\" title=\"Pyramide de Kh\u00e9phren\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyramide_de_Kh%C3%A9phren\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">pyramide de Kh\u00e9phren<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<table id=\"mwAYU\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Hiero &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Hiero&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; Pyramide&lt;ref&gt;[[#ROF |R. O. Faulkner]], {{p.|111}}.&lt;\/ref&gt; &quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; &lt;hiero&gt;U23-G17:D21-O24&lt;\/hiero&gt; &quot;},&quot;trans&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;mr&quot;},&quot;\u00e9poque&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;\u00e9gypte&quot;},&quot;align&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;left&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Pyramide<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-22&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwAYY\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-22\"><span id=\"mwAYc\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwAYg\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span id=\"mwAYk\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<table id=\"mwAYo\" class=\"mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer\" dir=\"ltr\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;hiero&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;U23-G17:D21-O24&quot;}}\">\n<tbody id=\"mwAYs\">\n<tr id=\"mwAYw\">\n<td id=\"mwAY0\">\n<table id=\"mwAY4\" class=\"mw-hiero-table\">\n<tbody id=\"mwAY8\">\n<tr id=\"mwAZA\">\n<td id=\"mwAZE\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAZI\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"U23\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_U23.png?9db3d\" alt=\"U23\" height=\"38\" \/><\/td>\n<td id=\"mwAZM\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAZQ\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"G17\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_G17.png?3741e\" alt=\"G17\" height=\"31\" \/><br id=\"mwAZU\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAZY\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"D21\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9\" alt=\"D21\" height=\"8\" \/><\/td>\n<td id=\"mwAZc\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAZg\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"O24\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_O24.png?982d7\" alt=\"O24\" height=\"38\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><i>mr<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"mwAZk\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">C\u2019est \u00e0 <a id=\"mwAZo\" title=\"Dj\u00e9ser\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dj%C3%A9ser\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Dj\u00e9ser<\/a> et \u00e0 <a id=\"mwAZs\" title=\"Imhotep\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imhotep\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Imhotep<\/a> que l\u2019on doit la premi\u00e8re <a id=\"mwAZw\" title=\"Pyramides d'\u00c9gypte\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyramides_d'%C3%89gypte\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">pyramide \u00e9gyptienne<\/a> constitu\u00e9e par la superposition de plusieurs mastabas.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAZ0\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00c0 cette m\u00eame \u00e9poque na\u00eet l&rsquo;id\u00e9e du <a id=\"mwAZ4\" title=\"Complexe pyramidal \u00e9gyptien\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complexe_pyramidal_%C3%A9gyptien\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">complexe fun\u00e9raire<\/a> compos\u00e9 d\u2019une multitude de pi\u00e8ces, puits, etc. dans le but de c\u00e9l\u00e9brer un culte au roi d\u00e9funt.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAZ8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Plus tard les degr\u00e9s des pyramides sont recouverts d\u2019un rev\u00eatement lisse de <a id=\"mwAaA\" title=\"Calcaire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcaire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">calcaire<\/a> qui donne \u00e0 la pyramide sa forme caract\u00e9ristique. La chambre fun\u00e9raire est alors g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement au centre de la pyramide et on y acc\u00e8de par un couloir, montant ou descendant selon les cas, bouch\u00e9 au moment de l\u2019enterrement du souverain par des dalles de granite.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAaE\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le complexe fun\u00e9raire est modifi\u00e9<span id=\"mwAaI\">\u00a0<\/span>: il est cr\u00e9\u00e9 un temple haut accol\u00e9 \u00e0 la pyramide et un temple bas qui donne sur le fleuve tous deux reli\u00e9s par une rampe couverte.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAaM\" data-mw-section-id=\"22\" aria-labelledby=\"Les_tombes_royales_de_la_vall\u00e9e_des_Rois\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"Les_tombes_royales_de_la_vall\u00e9e_des_Rois\"><span id=\"Les_tombes_royales_de_la_vall.C3.A9e_des_Rois\"><\/span>Les tombes royales de la vall\u00e9e des Rois<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mwAaQ\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9 &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Article_d\u00e9taill\u00e9&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Vall\u00e9e des Rois &quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Vall\u00e9e des Reines&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe\">Articles d\u00e9taill\u00e9s\u00a0: <a title=\"Vall\u00e9e des Rois\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Vall\u00e9e des Rois<\/a> et <a title=\"Vall\u00e9e des Reines\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vall%C3%A9e_des_Reines\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Vall\u00e9e des Reines<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"mwAaU\" class=\"mw-halign-left\"><a id=\"mwAaY\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Map_of_the_Tomb_of_Tutankhamun.svg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAac\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/26\/Map_of_the_Tomb_of_Tutankhamun.svg\/120px-Map_of_the_Tomb_of_Tutankhamun.svg.png?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/26\/Map_of_the_Tomb_of_Tutankhamun.svg\/250px-Map_of_the_Tomb_of_Tutankhamun.svg.png?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"100\" height=\"163\" data-file-width=\"356\" data-file-height=\"580\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwAag\">Plan de la tombe de <a id=\"mwAak\" title=\"Tout\u00e2nkhamon\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tout%C3%A2nkhamon\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Tout\u00e2nkhamon<\/a> dans la <a id=\"mwAao\" title=\"Vall\u00e9e des Rois\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">vall\u00e9e des Rois<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<table id=\"mwAas\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Hiero &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Hiero&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; [[Syringe]]&lt;ref&gt;[[#ROF |R. O. Faulkner]], {{p.|29}}.&lt;\/ref&gt; &quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; &lt;hiero&gt;M17-M40-O34:O1&lt;\/hiero&gt; &quot;},&quot;trans&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;is&quot;},&quot;\u00e9poque&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;\u00e9gypte&quot;},&quot;align&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;right&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b><a class=\"new\" title=\"Syringe (page inexistante)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syringe?action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" data-mw-i18n=\"{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;x-page&quot;,&quot;key&quot;:&quot;red-link-title&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;Syringe&quot;]}}\">Syringe<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-23&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwAaw\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-23\"><span id=\"mwAa0\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwAa4\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>23<span id=\"mwAa8\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<table id=\"mwAbA\" class=\"mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer\" dir=\"ltr\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;hiero&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;M17-M40-O34:O1&quot;}}\">\n<tbody id=\"mwAbE\">\n<tr id=\"mwAbI\">\n<td id=\"mwAbM\">\n<table id=\"mwAbQ\" class=\"mw-hiero-table\">\n<tbody id=\"mwAbU\">\n<tr id=\"mwAbY\">\n<td id=\"mwAbc\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAbg\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"M17\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_M17.png?2e70b\" alt=\"M17\" height=\"38\" \/><\/td>\n<td id=\"mwAbk\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAbo\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"M40\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_M40.png?36181\" alt=\"M40\" height=\"38\" \/><\/td>\n<td id=\"mwAbs\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAbw\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"O34\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_O34.png?63e15\" alt=\"O34\" height=\"6\" \/><br id=\"mwAb0\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAb4\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"O1\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_O1.png?39788\" alt=\"O1\" height=\"16\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><i>is<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"mwAb8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alors que le pouvoir se d\u00e9place de <a id=\"mwAcA\" title=\"Memphis (\u00c9gypte)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Memphis_(%C3%89gypte)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Memphis<\/a> vers <a id=\"mwAcE\" title=\"Th\u00e8bes (\u00c9gypte)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A8bes_(%C3%89gypte)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Th\u00e8bes<\/a>, les pharaons d\u00e9cident de faire creuser, et non plus b\u00e2tir, leur tombe dans la <a id=\"mwAcI\" title=\"Vall\u00e9e des Rois\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">vall\u00e9e des Rois<\/a> \u00e0 l&rsquo;abri sous la pyramide naturelle que dessine la <a id=\"mwAcM\" title=\"La Cime\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Cime\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">montagne th\u00e9baine<\/a>, et de s\u00e9parer la tombe du complexe de culte fun\u00e9raire.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAcQ\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le plan de base des <a id=\"mwAcU\" title=\"Hypog\u00e9e\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypog%C3%A9e\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">hypog\u00e9es<\/a> est simple, il comprend<span id=\"mwAcY\">\u00a0<\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"mwAcc\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li id=\"mwAcg\">un long couloir entrecoup\u00e9 d\u2019escalier<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAck\">une salle avec puits rituel<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAco\">un vestibule<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAcs\">une descenderie<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAcw\">une chambre fun\u00e9raire<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAc0\">des annexes r\u00e9parties autour de diff\u00e9rentes pi\u00e8ces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"mwAc4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">N\u00e9anmoins, ce plan n&rsquo;est pas fig\u00e9 et autorise des modifications, comme c&rsquo;est le cas, par exemple, pour la tombe de <a id=\"mwAc8\" title=\"Tout\u00e2nkhamon\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tout%C3%A2nkhamon\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Tout\u00e2nkhamon<\/a> (\u00e0 gauche).<\/p>\n<div id=\"mwAdA\" class=\"clear\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;clr&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Clr&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAdE\" data-mw-section-id=\"23\" aria-labelledby=\"Architecture_citadine\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<h2 id=\"Architecture_citadine\">Architecture citadine<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mwAdI\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;...&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:...&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: Montserrat, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.875em; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase;\">Architecture militaire<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAdM\" data-mw-section-id=\"24\" aria-labelledby=\"Architecture_militaire\">\n<div id=\"mwAdQ\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9 &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Article_d\u00e9taill\u00e9&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Architecture militaire de l'\u00c9gypte antique&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe\">Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9\u00a0: <a title=\"Architecture militaire de l'\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_militaire_de_l'%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Architecture militaire de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte antique<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"mwAdU\" data-mw-section-id=\"25\" aria-labelledby=\"Les_forteresses_nubiennes\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"Les_forteresses_nubiennes\">Les forteresses nubiennes<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"mwAdY\" class=\"mw-halign-left\"><a id=\"mwAdc\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Forteresse-nubienne-section.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAdg\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/27\/Forteresse-nubienne-section.jpg\/330px-Forteresse-nubienne-section.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/27\/Forteresse-nubienne-section.jpg\/960px-Forteresse-nubienne-section.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"300\" height=\"274\" data-file-width=\"1342\" data-file-height=\"1224\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwAdk\">Coupe et \u00e9l\u00e9vation d&rsquo;une partie de l&rsquo;enceinte d&rsquo;une <a id=\"mwAdo\" title=\"Forteresses nubiennes\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forteresses_nubiennes\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">forteresse nubienne<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"mwAds\" class=\"mw-default-size\"><a id=\"mwAdw\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Porte-fortifi%C3%A9e-nubie.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAd0\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Porte-fortifi%C3%A9e-nubie.jpg\/250px-Porte-fortifi%C3%A9e-nubie.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Porte-fortifi%C3%A9e-nubie.jpg\/500px-Porte-fortifi%C3%A9e-nubie.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"250\" height=\"207\" data-file-width=\"1018\" data-file-height=\"844\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwAd4\">Porte de forteresse \u00e9gyptienne<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"mwAd8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Il reste quelques traces des constructions militaires de l&rsquo;<a id=\"mwAeA\" title=\"\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">\u00c9gypte antique<\/a>, notamment en ce qui concerne les <a id=\"mwAeE\" title=\"Forteresses nubiennes\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forteresses_nubiennes\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">forteresses nubiennes<\/a> construites afin de prot\u00e9ger l&rsquo;<a id=\"mwAeI\" title=\"\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">\u00c9gypte<\/a> de l&rsquo;invasion nubienne. <a id=\"mwAeM\" title=\"Bouhen\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bouhen\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Bouhen<\/a>, par exemple, est un exemple de ces forteresses qui jalonnent le Nil et qui furent construites d\u00e8s les premi\u00e8res dynasties, m\u00eame si elles furent pour la plupart agrandies ou construites sous les r\u00e8gnes des <span id=\"mwAeQ\" class=\"page_h\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;page h'&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Page_h'&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;S\u00e9sostris&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><a class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"S\u00e9sostris\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%A9sostris\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">S\u00e9sostris<\/a><\/span>, au <a id=\"mwAeU\" title=\"Moyen Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moyen_Empire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Moyen Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAeY\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les vestiges nous permettent de constater que, comme dans l&rsquo;architecture cultuelle, les \u00c9gyptiens n&rsquo;\u00e9taient pas en reste.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAec\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">On distingue parfaitement sur ce sch\u00e9ma (\u00e0 gauche) les principes qui seront repris plus tard dans les ch\u00e2teaux forts, notamment concernant la pr\u00e9sence d&rsquo;une double enceinte de hauteur diff\u00e9rente et du foss\u00e9, mais \u00e9galement du <a id=\"mwAeg\" title=\"Chemin de ronde\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemin_de_ronde\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">chemin de ronde<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAek\" data-mw-section-id=\"26\" aria-labelledby=\"L'architecture_militaire_dans_les_monuments\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"L'architecture_militaire_dans_les_monuments\"><span id=\"L.27architecture_militaire_dans_les_monuments\"><\/span>L&rsquo;architecture militaire dans les monuments<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"mwAeo\" data-mw-section-id=\"27\" aria-labelledby=\"L'exemple_de_M\u00e9dinet_Habou\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"L'exemple_de_M\u00e9dinet_Habou\"><span id=\"L.27exemple_de_M.C3.A9dinet_Habou\"><\/span>L&rsquo;exemple de M\u00e9dinet Habou<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"mwAes\" class=\"mw-default-size\"><a id=\"mwAew\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:MIGDOL_MEDINET_HABOU.JPG?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAe0\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/10\/MIGDOL_MEDINET_HABOU.JPG\/250px-MIGDOL_MEDINET_HABOU.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/10\/MIGDOL_MEDINET_HABOU.JPG\/500px-MIGDOL_MEDINET_HABOU.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" data-file-width=\"2304\" data-file-height=\"1728\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwAe4\">Migdol du temple de <a id=\"mwAe8\" title=\"M\u00e9dinet Habou\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%A9dinet_Habou\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">M\u00e9dinet Habou<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"mwAfA\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Construit par <span id=\"mwAfE\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;noble&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Noble&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rams\u00e8s III&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><\/span><a id=\"mwAfI\" title=\"Rams\u00e8s III\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rams%C3%A8s_III\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Rams\u00e8s\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"3\"><span class=\"romain\">III<\/span><\/abbr><\/a>, le temple fun\u00e9raire de <a id=\"mwAfM\" title=\"M\u00e9dinet Habou\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%A9dinet_Habou\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">M\u00e9dinet Habou<\/a> se d\u00e9marque d&rsquo;une part par son tr\u00e8s bon \u00e9tat de conservation, mais \u00e9galement par la particularit\u00e9 de sa structure. En effet, son mur d&rsquo;enceinte est con\u00e7u comme celui d&rsquo;une forteresse. Ainsi, un bas mur d&rsquo;enceinte de briques et de pierre pr\u00e9c\u00e8de un haut mur de brique qui faisait le tour du temple.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAfQ\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Plus int\u00e9ressante encore est la pr\u00e9sence d&rsquo;un <a id=\"mwAfU\" title=\"Migdol\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Migdol\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">migdol<\/a>, porte fortifi\u00e9e asiatique, qui forme l&rsquo;entr\u00e9e du complexe. Ayant une forme de \u00ab<span id=\"mwAfY\">\u00a0<\/span>U<span id=\"mwAfc\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb, la structure est occup\u00e9e par des appartements de d\u00e9tente, mais on est en droit d&rsquo;imaginer que la structure de ces portes en \u00ab<span id=\"mwAfg\">\u00a0<\/span>situation r\u00e9elle<span id=\"mwAfk\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb devait \u00eatre \u00e0 peu de chose pr\u00e8s identique.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAfo\" data-mw-section-id=\"28\" aria-labelledby=\"Le_complexe_fun\u00e9raire_de_Dj\u00e9ser\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Le_complexe_fun\u00e9raire_de_Dj\u00e9ser\"><span id=\"Le_complexe_fun.C3.A9raire_de_Dj.C3.A9ser\"><\/span>Le complexe fun\u00e9raire de Dj\u00e9ser<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"mwAfs\" class=\"mw-default-size\"><a id=\"mwAfw\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Saqqara_BW_1.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAf0\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/be\/Saqqara_BW_1.jpg\/250px-Saqqara_BW_1.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/be\/Saqqara_BW_1.jpg\/500px-Saqqara_BW_1.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" data-file-width=\"3529\" data-file-height=\"2352\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwAf4\">Mur d&rsquo;enceinte du complexe de <a id=\"mwAf8\" title=\"Dj\u00e9ser\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dj%C3%A9ser\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Dj\u00e9ser<\/a> \u00e0 <a id=\"mwAgA\" title=\"Saqqarah\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saqqarah\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Saqqarah<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"mwAgE\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">La <a id=\"mwAgI\" title=\"Complexe fun\u00e9raire de Dj\u00e9ser\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complexe_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Dj%C3%A9ser\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">pyramide du roi Dj\u00e9ser<\/a> est entour\u00e9e d&rsquo;un mur d&rsquo;enceinte rappelant celui des forteresses \u00e9gyptiennes. On y observe une organisation \u00e0 <a id=\"mwAgM\" title=\"Redent\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Redent\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">redans<\/a> caract\u00e9ristique. Il est probable \u00e9galement que ce mur soit la repr\u00e9sentation de celui qui entourait <a id=\"mwAgQ\" title=\"Memphis (\u00c9gypte)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Memphis_(%C3%89gypte)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Memphis<\/a> d\u00e8s les premi\u00e8res dynasties et qui fut probablement, ou en tout cas selon la tradition, fond\u00e9 par Narmer-M\u00e9n\u00e8s<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-24&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwAgU\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-24\"><span id=\"mwAgY\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwAgc\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>24<span id=\"mwAgg\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAgk\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ces deux exemples permettent de se faire une id\u00e9e des dimensions et des m\u00e9thodes de l&rsquo;architecture militaire de l&rsquo;ancienne \u00c9gypte gr\u00e2ce aux monuments qui s&rsquo;en sont inspir\u00e9s&#8230; non sans raison th\u00e9ologique, d&rsquo;ailleurs.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAgo\" data-mw-section-id=\"29\" aria-labelledby=\"Les_monuments\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<h2 id=\"Les_monuments\">Les monuments<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mwAgs\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9 &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Article_d\u00e9taill\u00e9&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Monuments de l'\u00c9gypte antique&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe\">Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9\u00a0: <a title=\"Monuments de l'\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monuments_de_l'%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Monuments de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte antique<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAgw\" data-mw-section-id=\"30\" aria-labelledby=\"\u00c9l\u00e9ments_architecturaux\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<h2 id=\"\u00c9l\u00e9ments_architecturaux\"><span id=\".C3.89l.C3.A9ments_architecturaux\"><\/span>\u00c9l\u00e9ments architecturaux<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"mwAg0\" data-mw-section-id=\"31\" aria-labelledby=\"\u00c9l\u00e9ments_de_soutien\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"\u00c9l\u00e9ments_de_soutien\"><span id=\".C3.89l.C3.A9ments_de_soutien\"><\/span>\u00c9l\u00e9ments de soutien<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"mwAg4\" data-mw-section-id=\"32\" aria-labelledby=\"Murs\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Murs\">Murs<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mwAg8\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9 &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Article_d\u00e9taill\u00e9&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Appareil (architecture)&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe\">Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9\u00a0: <a title=\"Appareil (architecture)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Appareil_(architecture)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Appareil (architecture)<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table id=\"mwAhA\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Hiero &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Hiero&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; Mur&lt;ref&gt;[[#TO |Th. Obenga]], {{p.|313}}.&lt;\/ref&gt; &quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; &lt;hiero&gt;M17 K1:N35 D58 O36&lt;\/hiero&gt; &quot;},&quot;trans&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;inb&quot;},&quot;\u00e9poque&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;\u00e9gypte&quot;},&quot;align&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;left&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Mur<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-25&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwAhE\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-25\"><span id=\"mwAhI\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwAhM\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span id=\"mwAhQ\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<table id=\"mwAhU\" class=\"mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer\" dir=\"ltr\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;hiero&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;M17 K1:N35 D58 O36&quot;}}\">\n<tbody id=\"mwAhY\">\n<tr id=\"mwAhc\">\n<td id=\"mwAhg\">\n<table id=\"mwAhk\" class=\"mw-hiero-table\">\n<tbody id=\"mwAho\">\n<tr id=\"mwAhs\">\n<td id=\"mwAhw\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAh0\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"M17\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_M17.png?2e70b\" alt=\"M17\" height=\"38\" \/><\/td>\n<td id=\"mwAh4\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAh8\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"K1\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_K1.png?7a62b\" alt=\"K1\" height=\"19\" \/><br id=\"mwAiA\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAiE\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"N35\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_N35.png?fcc27\" alt=\"N35\" height=\"5\" \/><\/td>\n<td id=\"mwAiI\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAiM\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"D58\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_D58.png?12f84\" alt=\"D58\" height=\"35\" \/><\/td>\n<td id=\"mwAiQ\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAiU\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"O36\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_O36.png?78b99\" alt=\"O36\" height=\"38\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><i>inb<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"mwAiY\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Traditionnellement de fondations sommaires consistant en des tranch\u00e9es remplies de sable<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-26&quot;}}\"><a id=\"mwAic\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-26\"><span id=\"mwAig\" class=\"mw-reflink-text\"><span id=\"mwAik\" class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span id=\"mwAio\" class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>, les murs \u00e9taient construits par accr\u00e9tion successive de couches de pierres, entour\u00e9e d&rsquo;un \u00e9chafaudage de briques crues. Une fois le mur enti\u00e8rement mont\u00e9, on pouvait proc\u00e9der au polissage des pierres pour leur donner l&rsquo;aspect lisse et r\u00e9gulier qu&rsquo;on leur conna\u00eet. Le mortier \u00e9tait peu utilis\u00e9 dans la construction de murs, et les \u00c9gyptiens lui pr\u00e9f\u00e9raient la mise en place de coins pour joindre deux blocs de fa\u00e7on plus \u00ab<span id=\"mwAis\">\u00a0<\/span>m\u00e9canique<span id=\"mwAiw\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAi0\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les \u00c9gyptiens connaissaient plusieurs m\u00e9thodes d&rsquo;agencement des blocs au sein d&rsquo;un mur et prenaient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement soin de ne pas superposer deux joints.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mwAi4\" class=\"clear\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;clr&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Clr&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAi8\" data-mw-section-id=\"33\" aria-labelledby=\"Colonnes\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Colonnes\">Colonnes<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<table id=\"mwAjA\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Hiero &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Hiero&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; Colonne &quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot; &lt;hiero&gt;O28 Z1&lt;\/hiero&gt; &quot;},&quot;trans&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;iwn&quot;},&quot;\u00e9poque&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;\u00e9gypte&quot;},&quot;align&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;left&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Colonne<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<table id=\"mwAjE\" class=\"mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer\" dir=\"ltr\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;hiero&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;O28 Z1&quot;}}\">\n<tbody id=\"mwAjI\">\n<tr id=\"mwAjM\">\n<td id=\"mwAjQ\">\n<table id=\"mwAjU\" class=\"mw-hiero-table\">\n<tbody id=\"mwAjY\">\n<tr id=\"mwAjc\">\n<td id=\"mwAjg\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAjk\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"O28\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_O28.png?4910a\" alt=\"O28\" height=\"38\" \/><\/td>\n<td id=\"mwAjo\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAjs\" class=\"skin-invert\" title=\"Z1\" src=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/w\/extensions\/wikihiero\/img\/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06\" alt=\"Z1\" height=\"16\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><i>iwn<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"mwAjw\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9 &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Article_d\u00e9taill\u00e9&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Colonne (architecture)&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe\">Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9\u00a0: <a title=\"Colonne (architecture)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colonne_(architecture)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Colonne (architecture)<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"mwAj0\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les \u00c9gyptiens ont \u00e9t\u00e9 les premiers \u00e0 utiliser des colonnes. La plupart de leurs constructions \u00e9taient en toiture plate, soutenues par des colonnes. La plupart du temps, ces colonnes \u00e9taient grav\u00e9es<span id=\"mwAj4\">\u00a0<\/span>; elles racontaient une histoire. Les sculptures \u00e9taient r\u00e9alis\u00e9es avec des outils en cuivre.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAj8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les colonnes \u00e9taient r\u00e9alis\u00e9es pour la plupart en blocs de granite empil\u00e9s. Ils utilisaient plus de colonnes que le poids du plafond en n\u00e9cessitait<span id=\"mwAkA\">\u00a0<\/span>: les historiens de l&rsquo;architecture nomment cette particularit\u00e9 la stylophilie.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAkE\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">De forme particuli\u00e8re, les colonnes \u00e9gyptiennes pr\u00e9sentent un socle arrondi vers le haut, un f\u00fbt repr\u00e9sentant une tige florale plus ou moins stylis\u00e9e et un chapiteau. Cependant d&rsquo;autres types existent, comme les colonnes fascicul\u00e9es, aux nombreuses faces.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAkI\">On distingue plusieurs types de chapiteaux<span id=\"mwAkM\">\u00a0<\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"mwAkQ\">\n<li id=\"mwAkU\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">le chapiteau palmiforme est, comme son nom l&rsquo;indique, \u00e0 forme de <a id=\"mwAkY\" title=\"Feuille de palmier\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feuille_de_palmier\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">palmes<\/a> qui s&rsquo;\u00e9largissent en hauteur, utilis\u00e9 d\u00e8s les premi\u00e8res dynasties, il subsiste jusque pendant la <a id=\"mwAkc\" title=\"Dynastie lagide\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynastie_lagide\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">p\u00e9riode ptol\u00e9ma\u00efque<\/a><span id=\"mwAkg\">\u00a0<\/span>;<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAkk\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">le chapiteau lotiforme, en forme de <a id=\"mwAko\" title=\"Nelumbo nucifera\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nelumbo_nucifera\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">lotus<\/a><span id=\"mwAks\">\u00a0<\/span>;<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAkw\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">le chapiteau papyriforme ouvert repr\u00e9sente une fleur de <a id=\"mwAk0\" title=\"Cyperus papyrus\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyperus_papyrus\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">papyrus<\/a> \u00e0 bouton ouvert, son utilisation n&rsquo;est certes pas anodine, puisqu&rsquo;elle caract\u00e9rise les lieux avec suffisamment de lumi\u00e8re (cours, claustras des <a id=\"mwAk4\" title=\"Salle hypostyle\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salle_hypostyle\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">salles hypostyles<\/a>)<span id=\"mwAk8\">\u00a0<\/span>;<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAlA\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">le chapiteau papyriforme ferm\u00e9 repr\u00e9sente un bouton de <a id=\"mwAlE\" title=\"Cyperus papyrus\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyperus_papyrus\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">papyrus<\/a> ferm\u00e9 et est plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement l&rsquo;apanage des lieux plus sombres, plus myst\u00e9rieux, donc plus sacr\u00e9s<span id=\"mwAlI\">\u00a0<\/span>;<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAlM\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">le chapiteau composite. Apparu principalement pendant la <a id=\"mwAlQ\" title=\"Dynastie lagide\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynastie_lagide\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">p\u00e9riode ptol\u00e9ma\u00efque<\/a>, il se compose de diff\u00e9rents \u00e9l\u00e9ments d&rsquo;origine diff\u00e9rente. D&rsquo;une tr\u00e8s grande diversit\u00e9, il permet \u00e0 certaines salles hypostyles de poss\u00e9der des chapiteaux tous diff\u00e9rents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"mwAlU\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les b\u00e2timents non achev\u00e9s, qui nous sont parvenus, nous permettent d&rsquo;affirmer qu&rsquo;une colonne \u00e9tait d&rsquo;abord d\u00e9grossie puis son chapiteau esquiss\u00e9 avant que des tailleurs plus exp\u00e9riment\u00e9s ne viennent effectuer quelconque travail de pr\u00e9cision.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"mwAlY\" class=\"gallery mw-gallery-packed\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;gallery&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;mode&quot;:&quot;packed&quot;,&quot;heights&quot;:&quot;170px&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{}}\">\n<li id=\"mwAlc\" class=\"gallerycaption\">Colonnes et chapiteaux<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAlg\" class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div id=\"mwAlk\" class=\"thumb\"><span id=\"mwAlo\"><a id=\"mwAls\" class=\"mw-file-description\" title=\"Colonne palmiforme \u00e0 chapiteau ouvert. Temple fun\u00e9raire de Sahour\u00ea. Ve dynastie \u00e9gyptienne\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sahure-Pyramid_-_Temple_04.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAlw\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/01\/Sahure-Pyramid_-_Temple_04.jpg\/250px-Sahure-Pyramid_-_Temple_04.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/01\/Sahure-Pyramid_-_Temple_04.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled 2x\" alt=\"Colonne palmiforme \u00e0 chapiteau ouvert. Temple fun\u00e9raire de Sahour\u00ea. Ve dynastie \u00e9gyptienne\" width=\"141\" height=\"187\" data-file-width=\"500\" data-file-height=\"667\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div id=\"mwAl0\" class=\"gallerytext\">Colonne palmiforme \u00e0 chapiteau ouvert. <a id=\"mwAl4\" title=\"Pyramide de Sahour\u00ea\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyramide_de_Sahour%C3%AA#Le_temple_fun%C3%A9raire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Temple fun\u00e9raire de Sahour\u00ea<\/a>. <a id=\"mwAl8\" title=\"Ve dynastie \u00e9gyptienne\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ve_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Ve dynastie \u00e9gyptienne<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAmA\" class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div id=\"mwAmE\" class=\"thumb\"><span id=\"mwAmI\"><a id=\"mwAmM\" class=\"mw-file-description\" title=\"Colonnes papyriformes \u00e0 chapiteau ferm\u00e9. Louxor, 2e cour du temple d'Amon. 18e dyn. Amenhotep\u00a0III\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pillars_Luxor_Temple.JPG?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAmQ\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5b\/Pillars_Luxor_Temple.JPG\/250px-Pillars_Luxor_Temple.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5b\/Pillars_Luxor_Temple.JPG\/500px-Pillars_Luxor_Temple.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" alt=\"Colonnes papyriformes \u00e0 chapiteau ferm\u00e9. Louxor, 2e cour du temple d'Amon. 18e dyn. Amenhotep\u00a0III\" width=\"141\" height=\"187\" data-file-width=\"2736\" data-file-height=\"3648\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div id=\"mwAmU\" class=\"gallerytext\">Colonnes papyriformes \u00e0 chapiteau ferm\u00e9. Louxor, <abbr id=\"mwAmY\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"Deuxi\u00e8me\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2e&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:2e&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">2<sup id=\"mwAmc\">e<\/sup><\/abbr> cour du <a id=\"mwAmg\" title=\"Temple d'Amon (Louxor)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temple_d'Amon_(Louxor)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">temple d&rsquo;Amon<\/a>. <a id=\"mwAmk\" title=\"XVIIIe dynastie \u00e9gyptienne\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XVIIIe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><abbr id=\"mwAmo\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"Dix-huiti\u00e8me\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;18e&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:18e&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">18<sup id=\"mwAms\">e<\/sup><\/abbr> dyn.<\/a> <span id=\"mwAmw\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;noble&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Noble&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Amenhotep III&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><\/span><a id=\"mwAm0\" title=\"Amenhotep III\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amenhotep_III\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Amenhotep<span id=\"mwAm4\">\u00a0<\/span><abbr id=\"mwAm8\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"3\"><span id=\"mwAnA\" class=\"romain\">III<\/span><\/abbr><\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAnE\" class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div id=\"mwAnI\" class=\"thumb\"><span id=\"mwAnM\"><a id=\"mwAnQ\" class=\"mw-file-description\" title=\"Chapiteaux papyriforme ouverts. Temple d'Isis (Phil\u00e6). souverains lagides (dynastie hell\u00e9nistique, 332-30 AEC)\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:GD-EG-Philae010.JPG?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAnU\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/GD-EG-Philae010.JPG\/500px-GD-EG-Philae010.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/GD-EG-Philae010.JPG\/960px-GD-EG-Philae010.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" alt=\"Chapiteaux papyriforme ouverts. Temple d'Isis (Phil\u00e6). souverains lagides (dynastie hell\u00e9nistique, 332-30 AEC)\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" data-file-width=\"1600\" data-file-height=\"1200\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div id=\"mwAnY\" class=\"gallerytext\">Chapiteaux papyriforme ouverts. <a id=\"mwAnc\" title=\"Temple d'Isis (Phil\u00e6)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temple_d'Isis_(Phil%C3%A6)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Temple d&rsquo;Isis (Phil\u00e6)<\/a>. <a id=\"mwAng\" title=\"Dynastie lagide\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynastie_lagide\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">souverains lagides<\/a> (dynastie <a id=\"mwAnk\" title=\"\u00c9poque hell\u00e9nistique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89poque_hell%C3%A9nistique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">hell\u00e9nistique<\/a>, 332-30 <a id=\"mwAno\" title=\"\u00c8re commune\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%88re_commune\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">AEC<\/a>)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAns\" class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div id=\"mwAnw\" class=\"thumb\"><span id=\"mwAn0\"><a id=\"mwAn4\" class=\"mw-file-description\" title=\"Chapiteau lotiforme Temple d'Horus (Edfou). XXXe dynastie 380-362 AEC\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Edfou-Chapiteau_lotiforme-008.jpg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAn8\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Edfou-Chapiteau_lotiforme-008.jpg\/500px-Edfou-Chapiteau_lotiforme-008.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Edfou-Chapiteau_lotiforme-008.jpg\/960px-Edfou-Chapiteau_lotiforme-008.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" alt=\"Chapiteau lotiforme Temple d'Horus (Edfou). XXXe dynastie 380-362 AEC\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" data-file-width=\"2048\" data-file-height=\"1536\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div id=\"mwAoA\" class=\"gallerytext\">Chapiteau lotiforme <a id=\"mwAoE\" title=\"Temple d'Horus (Edfou)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temple_d'Horus_(Edfou)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Temple d&rsquo;Horus (Edfou)<\/a>. <a id=\"mwAoI\" title=\"XXXe dynastie \u00e9gyptienne\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XXXe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;XXXe dynastie \u00e9gyptienne&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:XXXe_dynastie_\u00e9gyptienne&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><abbr id=\"mwAoM\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"Trenti\u00e8me\">XXX<sup id=\"mwAoQ\">e<\/sup><\/abbr> dynastie<\/a> 380-362 AEC<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAoU\" class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div id=\"mwAoY\" class=\"thumb\"><span id=\"mwAoc\"><a id=\"mwAog\" class=\"mw-file-description\" title=\"Colonne palmiforme \u00e0 chapiteau ouvert. Temple d'Horus (Edfou)\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SFEC_EGYPT_EDFU_2006-004.JPG?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwAok\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1c\/SFEC_EGYPT_EDFU_2006-004.JPG\/250px-SFEC_EGYPT_EDFU_2006-004.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1c\/SFEC_EGYPT_EDFU_2006-004.JPG\/500px-SFEC_EGYPT_EDFU_2006-004.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" alt=\"Colonne palmiforme \u00e0 chapiteau ouvert. Temple d'Horus (Edfou)\" width=\"125\" height=\"187\" data-file-width=\"1664\" data-file-height=\"2496\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div id=\"mwAoo\" class=\"gallerytext\">Colonne palmiforme \u00e0 chapiteau ouvert. <a id=\"mwAos\" title=\"Temple d'Horus (Edfou)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temple_d'Horus_(Edfou)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Temple d&rsquo;Horus (Edfou)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAow\" class=\"gallerybox\">\n<div id=\"mwAo0\" class=\"thumb\"><span id=\"mwAo4\"><a id=\"mwAo8\" class=\"mw-file-description\" title=\"Chapiteaux composites. Temple d'Horus (Edfou)], 237-57 AEC dynastie lagide, \u00e9poque ptol\u00e9ma\u00efque.\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:EdfuHorusTempleEgypt_2007feb7-81_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwApA\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fd\/EdfuHorusTempleEgypt_2007feb7-81_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG\/500px-EdfuHorusTempleEgypt_2007feb7-81_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fd\/EdfuHorusTempleEgypt_2007feb7-81_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG\/960px-EdfuHorusTempleEgypt_2007feb7-81_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" alt=\"Chapiteaux composites. Temple d'Horus (Edfou)], 237-57 AEC dynastie lagide, \u00e9poque ptol\u00e9ma\u00efque.\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" data-file-width=\"1656\" data-file-height=\"1242\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div id=\"mwApE\" class=\"gallerytext\">Chapiteaux composites. <a id=\"mwApI\" title=\"Temple d'Horus (Edfou)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temple_d'Horus_(Edfou)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Temple d&rsquo;Horus (Edfou)<\/a>], 237-57 AEC <a id=\"mwApM\" title=\"Dynastie lagide\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynastie_lagide\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">dynastie lagide<\/a>, \u00e9poque ptol\u00e9ma\u00efque.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"mwApQ\" class=\"clear\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;clr&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Clr&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwApU\" data-mw-section-id=\"34\" aria-labelledby=\"Piliers\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Piliers\">Piliers<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"mwApY\" class=\"mw-default-size\"><a id=\"mwApc\" class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:KarnakTemple@LuxorEgypt_2007feb9-05_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"mwApg\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8d\/KarnakTemple%40LuxorEgypt_2007feb9-05_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG\/250px-KarnakTemple%40LuxorEgypt_2007feb9-05_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8d\/KarnakTemple%40LuxorEgypt_2007feb9-05_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG\/500px-KarnakTemple%40LuxorEgypt_2007feb9-05_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" data-file-width=\"1656\" data-file-height=\"1242\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"mwApk\">Piliers osiriaques \u00e0 <a id=\"mwApo\" title=\"Karnak\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karnak\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Karnak<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"mwAps\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">D&rsquo;un aspect plus sobre, mais \u00e9galement bien plus associ\u00e9 au registre fun\u00e9raire, le <a id=\"mwApw\" title=\"Pilier\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pilier\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">pilier<\/a> est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment \u00e0 base carr\u00e9e utilis\u00e9 par les \u00c9gyptiens d\u00e8s l&rsquo;<a id=\"mwAp0\" title=\"Ancien Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancien_Empire\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Ancien Empire<\/a> et dont l&rsquo;usage tend \u00e0 dispara\u00eetre \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a id=\"mwAp4\" title=\"Dynastie lagide\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynastie_lagide\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">\u00e9poque ptol\u00e9ma\u00efque<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAp8\">Propice par ses faces planes \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9criture et \u00e0 la gravure de sc\u00e8nes, le pilier est bien souvent un \u00e9l\u00e9ment important de l&rsquo;iconographie d&rsquo;un monument.<\/p>\n<p id=\"mwAqA\">On distingue plusieurs types de piliers<span id=\"mwAqE\">\u00a0<\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"mwAqI\">\n<li id=\"mwAqM\">le pilier simple, de forme oblongue<span id=\"mwAqQ\">\u00a0<\/span>;<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAqU\">le pilier osiriaque, dont une des faces est couverte par une statue du roi en <a id=\"mwAqY\" title=\"Osiris\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osiris\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Osiris<\/a><span id=\"mwAqc\">\u00a0<\/span>;<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwAqg\">le pilier hathorique pr\u00e9sentant une t\u00eate de la d\u00e9esse <a id=\"mwAqk\" title=\"Hathor\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hathor\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Hathor<\/a> \u00e0 son sommet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"mwAqo\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le pilier osiriaque, par la repr\u00e9sentation d&rsquo;Osiris qu&rsquo;il adopte, est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plus associ\u00e9 \u00e0 un contexte fun\u00e9raire. On le trouve ainsi dans la cour du temple fun\u00e9raire de <span id=\"mwAqs\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;noble&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Noble&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rams\u00e8s III&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><\/span><a id=\"mwAqw\" title=\"Rams\u00e8s III\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rams%C3%A8s_III\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Rams\u00e8s\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"3\"><span class=\"romain\">III<\/span><\/abbr><\/a> \u00e0 <a id=\"mwAq0\" title=\"M\u00e9dinet Habou\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%A9dinet_Habou\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">M\u00e9dinet Habou<\/a>. Les couronnes que portent ces statues sont \u00e9galement susceptibles de changer suivant leur orientation, comme c&rsquo;est le cas dans la premi\u00e8re salle hypostyle du <a id=\"mwAq4\" title=\"Grand temple d'Abou Simbel\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_temple_d'Abou_Simbel\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">temple d&rsquo;Abou Simbel<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwAq8\" data-mw-section-id=\"35\" aria-labelledby=\"\u00c9l\u00e9ments_d\u00e9coratifs\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"\u00c9l\u00e9ments_d\u00e9coratifs\"><span id=\".C3.89l.C3.A9ments_d.C3.A9coratifs\"><\/span>\u00c9l\u00e9ments d\u00e9coratifs<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mwArA\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;...&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:...&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone\"><span class=\"mw-valign-text-top noviewer\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d5\/Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg\/20px-Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg.png?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d5\/Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg\/40px-Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg.png?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"17\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"640\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell\">Cette section est vide, insuffisamment d\u00e9taill\u00e9e ou incompl\u00e8te. <a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:EditPage\/Architecture en \u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Votre aide<\/a> est la bienvenue\u00a0! <a title=\"Aide:Comment modifier une page\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Comment faire\u00a0?<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwArE\" data-mw-section-id=\"36\" aria-labelledby=\"Autres_\u00e9l\u00e9ments\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"Autres_\u00e9l\u00e9ments\"><span id=\"Autres_.C3.A9l.C3.A9ments\"><\/span>Autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mwArI\" class=\"bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;...&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:...&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell bandeau-icone\"><span class=\"mw-valign-text-top noviewer\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg?uselang=fr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d5\/Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg\/20px-Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg.png?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" srcset=\"\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d5\/Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg\/40px-Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg.png?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"13\" height=\"17\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"640\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bandeau-cell\">Cette section est vide, insuffisamment d\u00e9taill\u00e9e ou incompl\u00e8te. <a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:EditPage\/Architecture en \u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Votre aide<\/a> est la bienvenue\u00a0! <a title=\"Aide:Comment modifier une page\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Comment faire\u00a0?<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwArM\" data-mw-section-id=\"37\" aria-labelledby=\"Notes_et_r\u00e9f\u00e9rences\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<h2 id=\"Notes_et_r\u00e9f\u00e9rences\"><span id=\"Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences\"><\/span>Notes et r\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mwArQ\" class=\"references-small decimal\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;R\u00e9f\u00e9rences&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:R\u00e9f\u00e9rences&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\n<div id=\"mwArU\" class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;references&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;responsive&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;group&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;}}\">\n<ol id=\"mwArY\" class=\"mw-references references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-G67-1\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"1\"><span id=\"mwArc\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwArg\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-G67_1-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-G67-1\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAro\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#JCG\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">J-C. Goyon et al.<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwArs\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;67&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwArw\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAr0\">67<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-G66-2\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"2\"><span id=\"mwAr4\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAr8\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-G66_2-0\"><\/a><a id=\"mwAsE\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-G66_2-1\"><\/a><a id=\"mwAsM\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-G66_2-2\"><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-G66-2\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAsU\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#JCG\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">J-C. Goyon et al.<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAsY\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;66&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAsc\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAsg\">66<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-G63-3\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"3\"><span id=\"mwAsk\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAso\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-G63_3-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-G63-3\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAsw\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#JCG\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">J-C. Goyon et al.<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAs0\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;63&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAs4\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAs8\">63<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-G62-4\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"4\"><span id=\"mwAtA\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAtE\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-G62_4-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-G62-4\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAtM\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#JCG\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">J-C. Goyon et al.<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAtQ\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;62&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAtU\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAtY\">62<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"5\"><span id=\"mwAtc\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAtg\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-5\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-5\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAto\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#ROF\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. O. Faulkner<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAts\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAtw\">\u00a0<\/span>166.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-W16-6\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"6\"><span id=\"mwAt0\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAt4\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-W16_6-0\"><\/a><a id=\"mwAuA\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-W16_6-1\"><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-W16-6\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAuI\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#RHW\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. H. Wilkinson<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAuM\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;16-17&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAuQ\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAuU\" class=\"nowrap\">16-17<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"7\"><span id=\"mwAuY\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAuc\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-7\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-7\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAuk\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#RHW\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. H. Wilkinson<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAuo\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;18&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAus\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAuw\">18<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"8\"><span id=\"mwAu0\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAu4\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-8\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-8\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAvA\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#HS\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">H. Stierlin<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAvE\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;33&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAvI\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAvM\">33<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"9\"><span id=\"mwAvQ\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAvU\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-9\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-9\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAvc\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#RHW\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. H. Wilkinson<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAvg\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;22-23&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAvk\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAvo\" class=\"nowrap\">22-23<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"10\"><span id=\"mwAvs\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAvw\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-10\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-10\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAv4\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#LG\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">L. Gabolde<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAv8\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page(s)\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;23 \u00e0 70&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAwA\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAwE\">23 \u00e0 70<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"11\"><span id=\"mwAwI\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAwM\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-11\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-11\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAwU\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#LG\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">L. Gabolde<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-W24-12\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"12\"><span id=\"mwAwY\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAwc\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-W24_12-0\"><\/a><a id=\"mwAwk\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-W24_12-1\"><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-W24-12\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAws\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#RHW\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. H. Wilkinson<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAww\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;24-25&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAw0\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAw4\" class=\"nowrap\">24-25<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"13\"><span id=\"mwAw8\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAxA\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-13\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-13\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAxI\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#RHW\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. H. Wilkinson<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAxM\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;60&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAxQ\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAxU\">60<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"14\"><span id=\"mwAxY\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAxc\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-14\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-14\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAxk\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.osirisnet.net\/monument\/chaproug\/chaproug.htm\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">La chapelle rouge sur osirisnet<\/a><small class=\"cachelinks\">\u00a0[<a title=\"archive sur Wikiwix\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.wikiwix.com\/cache\/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osirisnet.net%2Fmonument%2Fchaproug%2Fchaproug.htm\">archive<\/a>]<\/small><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"15\"><span id=\"mwAxo\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAxs\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-15\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-15\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAx0\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#CDN\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Ch. Desroches Noblecourt<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAx4\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;388-389&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAx8\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAyA\" class=\"nowrap\">388-389<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"16\"><span id=\"mwAyE\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAyI\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-16\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-16\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAyQ\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#HS\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">H. Stierlin<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAyU\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page(s)\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;125 \u00e0 128&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAyY\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAyc\">125 \u00e0 128<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"17\"><span id=\"mwAyg\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAyk\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-17\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-17\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAys\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#RHW\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. H. Wilkinson<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAyw\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;78&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAy0\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAy4\">78<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"18\"><span id=\"mwAy8\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAzA\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-18\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-18\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAzI\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#HS\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">H. Stierlin<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAzM\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;126&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAzQ\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAzU\">126<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"19\"><span id=\"mwAzY\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAzc\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-19\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-19\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwAzk\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#HS\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">H. Stierlin<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwAzo\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;148&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwAzs\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwAzw\">148<\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"20\"><span id=\"mwAz0\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwAz4\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-20\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-20\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\">Collectif, <i id=\"mwA0A\">Pharaon<\/i>, Exposition pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;Institut du monde arabe, Flammarion, <abbr id=\"mwA0E\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;p.&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:P.&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;208-210&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwA0I\">\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"mwA0M\" class=\"nowrap\">208-210<\/span>, article de <a id=\"mwA0Q\" title=\"Pierre Tallet\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Tallet\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Pierre Tallet<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"21\"><span id=\"mwA0U\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwA0Y\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-21\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-21\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwA0g\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#ROF\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. O. Faulkner<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwA0k\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwA0o\">\u00a0<\/span>10.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"22\"><span id=\"mwA0s\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwA0w\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-22\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-22\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwA04\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#ROF\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. O. Faulkner<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwA08\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwA1A\">\u00a0<\/span>111.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"23\"><span id=\"mwA1E\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwA1I\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-23\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-23\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwA1Q\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#ROF\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. O. Faulkner<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwA1U\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwA1Y\">\u00a0<\/span>29.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"24\"><span id=\"mwA1c\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwA1g\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-24\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-24\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwA1o\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#HS\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">H. Stierlin<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"25\"><span id=\"mwA1s\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwA1w\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-25\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-25\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwA14\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#TO\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Th. Obenga<\/a>, <abbr id=\"mwA18\" class=\"abbr\" title=\"page\">p.<\/abbr><span id=\"mwA2A\">\u00a0<\/span>313.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"26\"><span id=\"mwA2E\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a id=\"mwA2I\" title=\"Revenir plus haut\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_ref-26\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" aria-label=\"Revenir plus haut\"><\/a><\/span><span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-26\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a id=\"mwA2Q\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_en_%C3%89gypte_antique#RHW\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. H. Wilkinson<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwA2U\" data-mw-section-id=\"38\" aria-labelledby=\"Annexes\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<h2 id=\"Annexes\">Annexes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"mwA2Y\" data-mw-section-id=\"39\" aria-labelledby=\"Bibliographie\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"Bibliographie\">Bibliographie<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"mwA2c\" data-mw-section-id=\"40\" aria-labelledby=\"Bibliographie_centr\u00e9e\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Bibliographie_centr\u00e9e\"><span id=\"Bibliographie_centr.C3.A9e\"><\/span>Bibliographie centr\u00e9e<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<ul id=\"mwA2g\">\n<li id=\"mwA2k\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"CDN\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Christiane Desroches Noblecourt]]&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;La Reine myst\u00e9rieuse, Hatchepsout&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Pygmalion (maison d'\u00e9dition)|Pygmalion]]&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2002&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;CDN&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><a title=\"Christiane Desroches Noblecourt\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christiane_Desroches_Noblecourt\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Christiane Desroches Noblecourt<\/a>, <cite class=\"italique\">La Reine myst\u00e9rieuse, Hatchepsout<\/cite>, <a title=\"Pygmalion (maison d'\u00e9dition)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pygmalion_(maison_d'%C3%A9dition)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Pygmalion<\/a>, <time>2002<\/time><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA2o\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"ROF\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Raymond Oliver Faulkner|R. O. Faulkner]]&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;A concice Dictionnary of Middle Egyptian&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;ROF&quot;},&quot;r\u00e9f\u00e9rence&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;R\u00e9f\u00e9rence:Dictionary of Middle Egyptian (Raymond O. Faulkner)&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><a title=\"Raymond Oliver Faulkner\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raymond_Oliver_Faulkner\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. O. Faulkner<\/a>, <cite class=\"italique\">A concice Dictionnary of Middle Egyptian<\/cite> <small>[<a title=\"R\u00e9f\u00e9rence:Dictionary of Middle Egyptian (Raymond O. Faulkner)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence:Dictionary_of_Middle_Egyptian_(Raymond_O._Faulkner)\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">d\u00e9tail des \u00e9ditions<\/a>]<\/small><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA2s\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"LG\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Luc Gabolde]]&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Le \\&quot;Grand Ch\u00e2teau d'Amon\\&quot; de {{noble-|S\u00e9sostris Ier}} \u00e0 Karnak&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Institut de France&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1998&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;LG&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><a title=\"Luc Gabolde\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luc_Gabolde\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Luc Gabolde<\/a>, <cite class=\"italique\">Le \u00ab\u00a0Grand Ch\u00e2teau d&rsquo;Amon\u00a0\u00bb de S\u00e9sostris\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"premier\"><span class=\"romain\">I<\/span><sup>er<\/sup><\/abbr> \u00e0 Karnak<\/cite>, Institut de France, <time>1998<\/time><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA2w\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"JCG\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;langue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Jean-Claude Goyon]], [[Jean-Claude Golvin]], [[Claire Simon-Boidot]], [[Gilles Martinet]]&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;La construction pharaonique&quot;},&quot;sous-titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;du Moyen Empire \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque gr\u00e9co-romaine&quot;},&quot;lieu&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Paris&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Picard&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2004&quot;},&quot;pages totales&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;456&quot;},&quot;format livre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;29 cm&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2-7084-0503-9&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;JCG&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><a title=\"Jean-Claude Goyon\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Goyon\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Jean-Claude Goyon<\/a>, <a title=\"Jean-Claude Golvin\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Golvin\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Jean-Claude Golvin<\/a>, <a class=\"new\" title=\"Claire Simon-Boidot (page inexistante)\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claire_Simon-Boidot?action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" data-mw-i18n=\"{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;x-page&quot;,&quot;key&quot;:&quot;red-link-title&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;Claire Simon-Boidot&quot;]}}\">Claire Simon-Boidot<\/a>, <a title=\"Gilles Martinet\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilles_Martinet\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Gilles Martinet<\/a>, <cite class=\"italique\">La construction pharaonique\u00a0: du Moyen Empire \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque gr\u00e9co-romaine<\/cite>, Paris, Picard, <time>2004<\/time>, 456\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\">p.<\/abbr>, 29 cm <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/2-7084-0503-9\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/2-7084-0503-9\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">2-7084-0503-9<\/span><\/a>)<\/small><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA20\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"Herv\u00e9_Aufr\u00e8reGolvinGoyon1991\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;langue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Sydney Herv\u00e9 Aufr\u00e8re]]&quot;},&quot;auteur2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Jean-Claude Golvin]]&quot;},&quot;auteur3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Jean-Claude Goyon]]&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;L'\u00c9gypte restitu\u00e9e&quot;},&quot;sous-titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Sites et temples de Haute-\u00c9gypte : 1650 av. J.-C.-300 ap. J.-C&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1&quot;},&quot;lieu&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Paris&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[\u00c9ditions Errance]]&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1991&quot;},&quot;pages totales&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;270&quot;},&quot;format livre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;29 cm&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2-87772-063-2&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><span id=\"Sydney_Herv\u00e9_Aufr\u00e8reJean-Claude_GolvinJean-Claude_Goyon1991\" class=\"ouvrage\"><a title=\"Sydney Herv\u00e9 Aufr\u00e8re\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sydney_Herv%C3%A9_Aufr%C3%A8re\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Sydney Herv\u00e9 Aufr\u00e8re<\/a>, <a title=\"Jean-Claude Golvin\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Golvin\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Jean-Claude Golvin<\/a> et <a title=\"Jean-Claude Goyon\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Goyon\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Jean-Claude Goyon<\/a>, <cite class=\"italique\">L&rsquo;\u00c9gypte restitu\u00e9e\u00a0: Sites et temples de Haute-\u00c9gypte\u00a0: 1650 av. J.-C.-300 ap. J.-C<\/cite>, <abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"volume\">vol.<\/abbr>\u00a01, Paris, <a title=\"\u00c9ditions Errance\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89ditions_Errance\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">\u00c9ditions Errance<\/a>, <time>1991<\/time>, 270\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\">p.<\/abbr>, 29 cm <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/2-87772-063-2\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/2-87772-063-2\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">2-87772-063-2<\/span><\/a>)<\/small><\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"Herv\u00e9_Aufr\u00e8reGolvinGoyon1994\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;langue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Sydney Herv\u00e9 Aufr\u00e8re]]&quot;},&quot;auteur2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Jean-Claude Golvin]]&quot;},&quot;auteur3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Jean-Claude Goyon]]&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;L'\u00c9gypte restitu\u00e9e&quot;},&quot;sous-titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Sites et temples des d\u00e9serts : de la naissance de la civilisation pharaonique \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque gr\u00e9co-romaine&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2&quot;},&quot;lieu&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Paris&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;\u00c9ditions Errance&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1994&quot;},&quot;pages totales&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;278&quot;},&quot;format livre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;29 cm&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2-87772-091-8&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><span id=\"Sydney_Herv\u00e9_Aufr\u00e8reJean-Claude_GolvinJean-Claude_Goyon1994\" class=\"ouvrage\"><a title=\"Sydney Herv\u00e9 Aufr\u00e8re\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sydney_Herv%C3%A9_Aufr%C3%A8re\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Sydney Herv\u00e9 Aufr\u00e8re<\/a>, <a title=\"Jean-Claude Golvin\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Golvin\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Jean-Claude Golvin<\/a> et <a title=\"Jean-Claude Goyon\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Goyon\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Jean-Claude Goyon<\/a>, <cite class=\"italique\">L&rsquo;\u00c9gypte restitu\u00e9e\u00a0: Sites et temples des d\u00e9serts\u00a0: de la naissance de la civilisation pharaonique \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque gr\u00e9co-romaine<\/cite>, <abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"volume\">vol.<\/abbr>\u00a02, Paris, \u00c9ditions Errance, <time>1994<\/time>, 278\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\">p.<\/abbr>, 29 cm <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/2-87772-091-8\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/2-87772-091-8\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">2-87772-091-8<\/span><\/a>)<\/small><\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"Herv\u00e9_Aufr\u00e8reGolvin1997\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;langue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Sydney Herv\u00e9 Aufr\u00e8re]]&quot;},&quot;auteur2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Jean-Claude Golvin]]&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;L'\u00c9gypte restitu\u00e9e&quot;},&quot;sous-titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Sites, temples et pyramides de moyenne et basse \u00c9gypte : de la naissance de la civilisation pharaonique \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque gr\u00e9co-romaine&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;3&quot;},&quot;lieu&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Paris&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;\u00c9ditions Errance&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1997&quot;},&quot;pages totales&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;363&quot;},&quot;format livre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;29 cm&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2-87772-148-5&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><span id=\"Sydney_Herv\u00e9_Aufr\u00e8reJean-Claude_Golvin1997\" class=\"ouvrage\"><a title=\"Sydney Herv\u00e9 Aufr\u00e8re\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sydney_Herv%C3%A9_Aufr%C3%A8re\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Sydney Herv\u00e9 Aufr\u00e8re<\/a> et <a title=\"Jean-Claude Golvin\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Golvin\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Jean-Claude Golvin<\/a>, <cite class=\"italique\">L&rsquo;\u00c9gypte restitu\u00e9e\u00a0: Sites, temples et pyramides de moyenne et basse \u00c9gypte\u00a0: de la naissance de la civilisation pharaonique \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque gr\u00e9co-romaine<\/cite>, <abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"volume\">vol.<\/abbr>\u00a03, Paris, \u00c9ditions Errance, <time>1997<\/time>, 363\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\">p.<\/abbr>, 29 cm <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/2-87772-148-5\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/2-87772-148-5\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">2-87772-148-5<\/span><\/a>)<\/small><\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA3A\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"Hawass,_2011\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;langue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Oui|Zahi Hawass]]&quot;},&quot;directeur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;oui&quot;},&quot;et al.&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;oui&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Tr\u00e9sors des Pyramides&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;White Star&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2011&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e premi\u00e8re \u00e9dition&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2003&quot;},&quot;pages totales&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;416&quot;},&quot;format livre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;31 cm&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-88-6112-382-3&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Hawass, 2011&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><a class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Oui\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oui\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Zahi Hawass<\/a> (<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"directeur de publication\">dir.<\/abbr>) <i><abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"et alii (et d\u2019autres)\">et al.<\/abbr><\/i>, <cite class=\"italique\">Tr\u00e9sors des Pyramides<\/cite>, White Star, <time>2011<\/time> (<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"premi\u00e8re\">1<sup>re<\/sup><\/abbr>\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"\u00e9dition\">\u00e9d.<\/abbr> 2003), 416\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\">p.<\/abbr>, 31 cm <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/978-88-6112-382-3\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/978-88-6112-382-3\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">978-88-6112-382-3<\/span><\/a>)<\/small><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA3E\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"TO\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;langue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Th\u00e9ophile Obenga]]&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie \u00e9gyptienne&quot;},&quot;sous-titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;contribution de l'Afrique antique \u00e0 la Math\u00e9matique mondiale&quot;},&quot;lieu&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Paris&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[\u00c9ditions L'Harmattan|L'Harmattan]]&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1995&quot;},&quot;pages totales&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;335&quot;},&quot;format livre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;24 cm&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2-7384-2977-7&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;TO&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><a title=\"Th\u00e9ophile Obenga\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9ophile_Obenga\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Th\u00e9ophile Obenga<\/a>, <cite class=\"italique\">La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie \u00e9gyptienne\u00a0: contribution de l&rsquo;Afrique antique \u00e0 la Math\u00e9matique mondiale<\/cite>, Paris, <a title=\"\u00c9ditions L'Harmattan\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89ditions_L'Harmattan\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">L&rsquo;Harmattan<\/a>, <time>1995<\/time>, 335\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\">p.<\/abbr>, 24 cm <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/2-7384-2977-7\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/2-7384-2977-7\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">2-7384-2977-7<\/span><\/a>)<\/small><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA3I\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"HS\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;langue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Henri Stierlin]]&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Les pharaons b\u00e2tisseurs&quot;},&quot;lieu&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Paris&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Terrail&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2001&quot;},&quot;pages totales&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;255&quot;},&quot;format livre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;22 cm&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2-87939-327-2&quot;},&quot;isbn2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-2-87939-327-8&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;HS&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><a title=\"Henri Stierlin\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henri_Stierlin\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Henri Stierlin<\/a>, <cite class=\"italique\">Les pharaons b\u00e2tisseurs<\/cite>, Paris, Terrail, <time>2001<\/time>, 255\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\">p.<\/abbr>, 22 cm <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/2-87939-327-2\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/2-87939-327-2\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">2-87939-327-2<\/span><\/a> et <a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/978-2-87939-327-8\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/978-2-87939-327-8\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">978-2-87939-327-8<\/span><\/a>)<\/small><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA3M\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"RHW\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;langue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Richard H. Wilkinson|R. H. Wilkinson]]&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The complete temples of Ancient Egypt&quot;},&quot;lieu&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Londres&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Thames &amp; Hudson]]&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2000&quot;},&quot;r\u00e9impression&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2005 The American University in Cairo Press, {{ISBN|977-424-849-X}} et {{ISBN|978-977-424-849-8}}&quot;},&quot;pages totales&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;256&quot;},&quot;format livre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;26 cm&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;0-500-05100-3&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;RHW&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><abbr class=\"abbr indicateur-langue\" title=\"Langue : anglais\">(en)<\/abbr> <a title=\"Richard H. Wilkinson\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_H._Wilkinson\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">R. H. Wilkinson<\/a>, <cite class=\"italique\" lang=\"en\">The complete temples of Ancient Egypt<\/cite>, Londres, <a title=\"Thames &amp; Hudson\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thames_&amp;_Hudson\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Thames &amp; Hudson<\/a>, <time>2000<\/time> (<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"r\u00e9impression\">r\u00e9impr.<\/abbr>\u00a02005 The American University in Cairo Press, <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/977-424-849-X\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/977-424-849-X\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">977-424-849-X<\/span><\/a>)<\/small> et <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/978-977-424-849-8\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/978-977-424-849-8\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">978-977-424-849-8<\/span><\/a>)<\/small>), 256\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\">p.<\/abbr>, 26 cm <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/0-500-05100-3\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/0-500-05100-3\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">0-500-05100-3<\/span><\/a>)<\/small><\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwA3Q\" data-mw-section-id=\"41\" aria-labelledby=\"Autres_ouvrages\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\">\n<h4 id=\"Autres_ouvrages\">Autres ouvrages<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<ul id=\"mwA3U\">\n<li id=\"mwA3Y\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"AmbrosBargallo2002\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;langue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;langue originale&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;es&quot;},&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Jordi Ambros&quot;},&quot;auteur2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Eva Bargallo&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Architecture \u00e9gyptienne&quot;},&quot;lieu&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Paris&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[\u00c9ditions Gr\u00fcnd|Gr\u00fcnd]]&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2002&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-2-7000-1611-6&quot;},&quot;isbn10&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2700016114&quot;},&quot;bnf&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;38875497&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><span id=\"Jordi_AmbrosEva_Bargallo2002\" class=\"ouvrage\">Jordi Ambros et Eva Bargallo (<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"traduction\">trad.<\/abbr>\u00a0de l&rsquo;espagnol), <cite class=\"italique\">Architecture \u00e9gyptienne<\/cite>, Paris, <a title=\"\u00c9ditions Gr\u00fcnd\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89ditions_Gr%C3%BCnd\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Gr\u00fcnd<\/a>, <time>2002<\/time> <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/978-2-7000-1611-6\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/978-2-7000-1611-6\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">978-2-7000-1611-6<\/span><\/a>, <a title=\"Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">BNF<\/a>\u00a0<span class=\"plainlinks noarchive nowrap\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/catalogue.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb38875497t.public\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">38875497<\/a><\/span>)<\/small><\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA3c\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"Monnier2010\" class=\"ouvrage\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ouvrage &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Ouvrage&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;langue&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;},&quot;auteur1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Franck Monnier]]&quot;},&quot;titre&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Les forteresses \u00e9gyptiennes. Du Pr\u00e9dynastique au Nouvel Empire&quot;},&quot;lieu&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bruxelles&quot;},&quot;\u00e9diteur&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Safran (\u00e9ditions)&quot;},&quot;collection&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Connaissance de l'\u00c9gypte ancienne&quot;},&quot;ann\u00e9e&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2010&quot;},&quot;pages totales&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;208&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-2-87457-033-9&quot;},&quot;bnf&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;42344991&quot;},&quot;pr\u00e9sentation en ligne&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http:\/\/www.safran.be\/proddetail.php?prod=CEA11&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><span id=\"Franck_Monnier2010\" class=\"ouvrage\"><a title=\"Franck Monnier\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franck_Monnier\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Franck Monnier<\/a>, <cite class=\"italique\">Les forteresses \u00e9gyptiennes. Du Pr\u00e9dynastique au Nouvel Empire<\/cite>, Bruxelles, Safran (\u00e9ditions), <abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"collection\">coll.<\/abbr>\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0Connaissance de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte ancienne\u00a0\u00bb, <time>2010<\/time>, 208\u00a0<abbr class=\"abbr\" title=\"pages\">p.<\/abbr> <small>(<a title=\"International Standard Book Number\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Sp\u00e9cial:Ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\/978-2-87457-033-9\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence\/978-2-87457-033-9\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\"><span class=\"nowrap\">978-2-87457-033-9<\/span><\/a>, <a title=\"Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">BNF<\/a>\u00a0<span class=\"plainlinks noarchive nowrap\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/catalogue.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb42344991p.public\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">42344991<\/a><\/span>, <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.safran.be\/proddetail.php?prod=CEA11\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">pr\u00e9sentation en ligne<\/a><small class=\"cachelinks\">\u00a0[<a title=\"archive sur Wikiwix\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.wikiwix.com\/cache\/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safran.be%2Fproddetail.php%3Fprod%3DCEA11\">archive<\/a>]<\/small>)<\/small><\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwA3g\" data-mw-section-id=\"42\" aria-labelledby=\"Articles_connexes\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"Articles_connexes\">Articles connexes<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<ul id=\"mwA3k\">\n<li id=\"mwA3o\"><a id=\"mwA3s\" title=\"Art de l'\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Art_de_l'%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Art de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte antique<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"mwA3w\"><a id=\"mwA30\" title=\"Architecture militaire de l'\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_militaire_de_l'%C3%89gypte_antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\">Architecture militaire de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte antique<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mwA34\" data-mw-section-id=\"43\" aria-labelledby=\"Liens_externes\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\">\n<h3 id=\"Liens_externes\">Liens externes<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets\">\n<p class=\"titre\">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"noarchive plainlinks\">\n<li class=\"commons\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_architecture?uselang=fr\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink\">Architecture en \u00c9gypte antique<\/a>, sur <span class=\"project\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"wikiversity\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"v:Architecture de l'\u00c9gypte antique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikiversity.org\/wiki\/Architecture%20de%20l'%C3%89gypte%20antique\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\/Interwiki\">Architecture en \u00c9gypte antique<\/a>, <span class=\"nowrap\">sur <span class=\"project\">Wikiversity<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<ul id=\"mwA4A\">\n<li id=\"mwA4E\"><abbr id=\"mwA4I\" class=\"abbr indicateur-langue\" title=\"Langue : anglais\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:En&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">(en)<\/abbr> <a id=\"mwA4M\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/dai.aegaron.ucla.edu\/\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">AEgArOn (Ancient Egyptian Architecture Online)<\/a><small class=\"cachelinks\">\u00a0[<a title=\"archive sur Wikiwix\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.wikiwix.com\/cache\/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdai.aegaron.ucla.edu%2F\">archive<\/a>]<\/small>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"mwA4Q\" class=\"navbox-container\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Palette &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Palette&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Arts de l'\u00c9gypte antique &quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;\u00c9gypte antique&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<ul id=\"bandeau-portail\" class=\"bandeau-portail\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Portail &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;.\/Mod\u00e8le:Portail&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;\u00c9gypte antique &quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Histoire de l'art &quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Architecture&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\"><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"catlinks\" class=\"catlinks\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-mw-interface=\"\">\n<div id=\"mw-normal-catlinks\" class=\"mw-normal-catlinks\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Les pyramides de Gizeh L&rsquo;art architectural en \u00c9gypte antique d\u00e9signe les pratiques architecturales qui avaient cours pendant plus de trois mill\u00e9naires de cette p\u00e9riode. Cette dur\u00e9e particuli\u00e8rement longue invite \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer non pas une architecture, mais des architectures \u00e9gyptiennes, dont les diff\u00e9rences sont \u00e0 la fois imputables aux \u00e9volutions technologiques de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-30698","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Architecture en \u00c9gypte antique - Orazio Puglisi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/architecture-en-egypte-antique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Architecture en \u00c9gypte antique - Orazio Puglisi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Les pyramides de Gizeh L&rsquo;art architectural en \u00c9gypte antique d\u00e9signe les pratiques architecturales qui avaient cours pendant plus de trois mill\u00e9naires de cette p\u00e9riode. Cette dur\u00e9e particuli\u00e8rement longue invite \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer non pas une architecture, mais des architectures \u00e9gyptiennes, dont les diff\u00e9rences sont \u00e0 la fois imputables aux \u00e9volutions technologiques de [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/architecture-en-egypte-antique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Orazio Puglisi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-27T06:52:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/af\/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg\/330px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"31 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/architecture-en-egypte-antique\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/architecture-en-egypte-antique\\\/\",\"name\":\"Architecture en \u00c9gypte antique - Orazio Puglisi\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/architecture-en-egypte-antique\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/architecture-en-egypte-antique\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/thumb.wikimedia.org\\\/wikipedia\\\/commons\\\/thumb\\\/a\\\/af\\\/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg\\\/330px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-10-27T06:24:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-27T06:52:47+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/architecture-en-egypte-antique\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/architecture-en-egypte-antique\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/architecture-en-egypte-antique\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/thumb.wikimedia.org\\\/wikipedia\\\/commons\\\/thumb\\\/a\\\/af\\\/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg\\\/330px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/thumb.wikimedia.org\\\/wikipedia\\\/commons\\\/thumb\\\/a\\\/af\\\/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg\\\/330px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg?utm_source=fr.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/index.php\\\/architecture-en-egypte-antique\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Architecture en \u00c9gypte antique\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oraziopuglisi.art\\\/\",\"name\":\"Oraziopuglisi.art\",\"description\":\"Le beau ! 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