{"id":22657,"date":"2026-04-11T07:56:29","date_gmt":"2026-04-11T05:56:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/?page_id=22657"},"modified":"2026-04-11T07:59:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-11T05:59:07","slug":"les-penseurs-de-la-democratie-au-18e-siecle","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/les-penseurs-de-la-democratie-au-18e-siecle\/","title":{"rendered":"Les Penseurs de la d\u00e9mocratie au 18\u00e8 Si\u00e8cle"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les penseurs de la d\u00e9mocratie directe au 18\u00e8 Si\u00e8cle<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n
\n

Le XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, p\u00e9riode des Lumi\u00e8res et des grandes r\u00e9volutions, a vu \u00e9merger des penseurs visionnaires qui ont profond\u00e9ment transform\u00e9 notre conception de la d\u00e9mocratie.
\nSi l\u2019id\u00e9e de donner plus de pouvoir au peuple n\u2019\u00e9tait pas nouvelle, des figures comme Rousseau, Condorcet ou encore d\u2019Alembert ont port\u00e9 cette aspiration \u00e0 un niveau in\u00e9dit, en th\u00e9orisant des formes de gouvernance o\u00f9 les citoyens joueraient un r\u00f4le central dans les d\u00e9cisions.<\/p>\n

Jean-Jacques Rousseau<\/h2>\n

Voici une citation tir\u00e9e de son ouvrage Du contrat social\u00a0(1762) :<\/p>\n

\n

\u00ab \ud835\udde7\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude02\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf6 \ud835\uddfe\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\uddfb\u2019\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude00 \ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf3\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf2\u0301\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01 \ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2 ; \ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\uddfb\u2019\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude01 \ud835\ude02\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf6. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contral social<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Notre constitution fran\u00e7aise admet d\u2019ailleurs cela dans son article 89\u2026 En introduisant tout de m\u00eame un \u00ab\u00a0toutefois\u00a0\u00bb qui est devenu la norme !<\/p>\n

\u00ab La r\u00e9vision est d\u00e9finitive apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 approuv\u00e9e par r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum. Toutefois, le projet de r\u00e9vision n\u2019est pas pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 au r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum lorsque le Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9cide de le soumettre au Parlement convoqu\u00e9 en Congr\u00e8s \u00bb<\/p>\n

Rousseau lui-m\u00eame avait conscience des d\u00e9fis pratiques de la\u00a0d\u00e9mocratie directe<\/a>. Il disait que cela n\u00e9cessitait des citoyens vertueux, engag\u00e9s et un cadre adapt\u00e9.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est d\u2019ailleurs la principale crainte qui revient encore aujourd\u2019hui quand on propose d\u2019instaurer des outils de d\u00e9mocratie directe en France : il faudrait d\u2019abord \u00e9duquer le peuple, qu\u2019on juge\u00a0\"\u2705\"\u00a0comp\u00e9tent pour \u00e9lire des repr\u00e9sentants,\u00a0\"\u274c\"\u00a0mais pas pour choisir des r\u00e8gles qui impactent son quotidien.<\/p>\n

Rousseau aimait la Savoie, tout comme il admirait la Suisse, qu\u2019il voyait comme un mod\u00e8le d\u2019\u00e9quilibre entre d\u00e9mocratie et gouvernance.<\/p>\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, nous sommes de plus en plus nombreux \u00e0 vouloir r\u00e9ussir \u00e0 faire coexister en France la d\u00e9mocratie directe et la d\u00e9mocratie repr\u00e9sentative, comme Rousseau semblait l\u2019appeler de ses v\u0153ux.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

Nicolas de Condorcet<\/h2>\n

Nicolas de Condorcet, qu\u2019on connait surtout en tant que math\u00e9maticien, portait lui aussi cette conviction profonde : les citoyens doivent pouvoir d\u00e9cider directement sur les sujets qui les concernent, sans forc\u00e9ment passer par leurs repr\u00e9sentants.<\/p>\n

Condorcet, acteur majeur de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise, d\u00e9fendait des id\u00e9es r\u00e9volutionnaires pour son \u00e9poque.<\/p>\n

Il soutenait :
\n\"\ud83d\udd38\"\u00a0le suffrage universel (y compris pour les femmes !),
\n\"\ud83d\udd38\"\u00a0la r\u00e9vision des lois constitutionnelles par les citoyens.<\/p>\n

Une pens\u00e9e qui trouve un \u00e9cho direct dans nos combats actuels pour plus de d\u00e9mocratie directe.<\/p>\n

Cette citation r\u00e9sume parfaitement son engagement.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00ab \ud835\udc3d\u2019\ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc56 \ud835\udc60\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc62\ud835\udc61\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc62 \ud835\udc59\ud835\udc52 \ud835\udc51\ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc61 \ud835\udc51\ud835\udc62 \ud835\udc5d\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc62\ud835\udc5d\ud835\udc59\ud835\udc52 \ud835\udc51\ud835\udc52 \ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc61\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc53\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc5f \ud835\udc52\ud835\udc65\ud835\udc5d\ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc52\u0301\ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc61 \ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc62 \ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc60 \ud835\udc59\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc60 \ud835\udc59\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc60 \ud835\udc50\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc61\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc61\ud835\udc62\ud835\udc61\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc59\ud835\udc59\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc60 \ud835\udc52\ud835\udc61 \ud835\udc59\ud835\udc4e \ud835\udc5d\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc4f\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc59\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc61\ud835\udc52\u0301 \ud835\udc5e\ud835\udc62\u2019\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc59 \ud835\udc59\u2019\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc65\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc50\u0327\ud835\udc4e\u0302\ud835\udc61, \ud835\udc59\ud835\udc4e \ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc52\u0301\ud835\udc50\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc61\ud835\udc52\u0301 \ud835\udc51\ud835\udc62 \ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc51\ud835\udc52 \ud835\udc51\ud835\udc52 \ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc52\u0301\ud835\udc63\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc5b \ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc52\u0301\ud835\udc54\ud835\udc62\ud835\udc59\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc5f \ud835\udc52\ud835\udc61 \ud835\udc5d\ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc4f\ud835\udc59\ud835\udc52 \ud835\udc51\ud835\udc52 \ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc52\u0301\ud835\udc53\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc5f \ud835\udc50\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc60 \ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc52\u0302\ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc60 \ud835\udc59\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc60. \u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n

\ud835\udc46\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc62\ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc50\ud835\udc52 : \ud835\udc39\ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc54\ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc61\ud835\udc60, 1794, \u0152\ud835\udc62\ud835\udc63\ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc60, \ud835\udc61. 1, \ud835\udc5d. 608 ; \ud835\udc56\ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc54\ud835\udc52 : \ud835\udc4a\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc58\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc51\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc4e<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"citation<\/figure>\n

Gabriel Bonnot de Mably<\/h2>\n

Philosophe et r\u00e9formateur social, Mably pr\u00f4nait une \u00e9galit\u00e9 rigoureuse et une gouvernance fond\u00e9e sur la participation active des citoyens. Il critiquait les exc\u00e8s de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e, qu\u2019il consid\u00e9rait comme une source d\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9s et de corruption politique, et plaidait pour des lois qui renforcent l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 entre les membres de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Mably estimait que les citoyens devaient \u00eatre directement impliqu\u00e9s dans l\u2019\u00e9laboration des lois pour pr\u00e9server leur libert\u00e9 et \u00e9viter la concentration du pouvoir dans les mains d\u2019une \u00e9lite. Il \u00e9crivait :<\/p>\n

\n

\u00ab La nation toujours libre et formant une vraie r\u00e9publique, dont le prince n\u2019\u00e9tait que le premier magistrat, r\u00e9gnait en corps sur les diff\u00e9rents peuples qui habitaient ses conqu\u00eates<\/strong><\/em>.\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Observations sur l\u2019histoire de France<\/em><\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Cette citation illustre la vision de Mably d\u2019une nation souveraine, o\u00f9 le peuple d\u00e9tient le pouvoir et le prince n\u2019est qu\u2019un magistrat au service de la volont\u00e9 populaire. Elle refl\u00e8te son adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e de souverainet\u00e9 populaire et son opposition au pouvoir monarchique absolu.<\/p>\n

Mably d\u00e9fendait \u00e9galement le droit \u00e0 l\u2019insurrection comme moyen de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 l\u2019oppression, ce qui renforce sa position en faveur de la souverainet\u00e9 du peuple.\u00a0Sa pens\u00e9e a influenc\u00e9 les id\u00e9es r\u00e9volutionnaires et a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper le concept de souverainet\u00e9 populaire qui a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le important pendant la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les penseurs de la d\u00e9mocratie directe au 18\u00e8 Si\u00e8cle \u00a0 Le XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, p\u00e9riode des Lumi\u00e8res et des grandes r\u00e9volutions, a vu \u00e9merger des penseurs visionnaires qui ont profond\u00e9ment transform\u00e9 notre conception de la d\u00e9mocratie. Si l\u2019id\u00e9e de donner plus de pouvoir au peuple n\u2019\u00e9tait pas nouvelle, des figures comme Rousseau, Condorcet ou encore d\u2019Alembert […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-22657","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22657","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22657"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22657\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22662,"href":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22657\/revisions\/22662"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oraziopuglisi.art\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22657"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}